:
The Lateran Basilica, Papal Palace, and other buildings

 

"Like the churchmen and secular leaders of the twelfth century, many scholars seem to have accepted the opinions of the northern reformers with little questioning. Because of their admiration for these figures—particularly for St. Bernard—and because of their inclination to see the candidate recognized by the church as the one deserving of that recognition, they tend to examine the evidence from this perspective. They may also be influenced by the fact that the great preponderance of extant sources favors Innocent."

                                                                                                                                        Mary Stroll, The Jewish Pope (1987), 171.      

Background

This was undoubtedly one of the more indecorous vacancies in papal history. There were several strands of conflict. The first was between those who favored the movement for reform of the Church and those who opposed the rigorism of the reformers. The second was the Investiture Controversy, which had recently been negotiated to a settlement by Emperor Henry V and Pope Celestine II (Concordat of Worms, 1122); its terms were not wholly satifying to either party, however, and pressure for changes was bound to increase. Each interest was looking for opportunities to to test and to take advantage of the other. The third strand of conflict was a familiar Roman urban partisan contest, in this case between the adherents of the Frangipane and those of the Pierleone. The Pierleone were a recent arrival on the scenes of power, and the Frangipane were suffering through a long twilight of their influence. The struggle of 1130 was a repetition and continuation of the one which had disgraced the Election of 1124. Pandulphus of Pisa (no friend of Pope Honorius) tells the story at the beginning of his "Vita Honorii Papae II" (Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III.1, 421):

Religiosae autem memoriae Calisto Papa dufuncto, omnes Patres de curia, Cardinales et alii, praesertim Petrus Leonis et Leo Franjapane pariter condixerunt ut usque ad diem tertium cum simul exinde secundum scita Canonum pertractarent, interim nulla de electione mentio haberetur; hoc idcirco potissimum Leo Frajapane constituerat ut infra datum spatium, quod de Lamberto diutius cogitaverat, aliquando quietus persiniret, nam totus ab hoc populus Saxonem S. Stephani Cardinalem futurum Papam petebant. Quos ut deciperet aptius Leo Frajapane itidem simulabat, insero autem praesenti idem Leo per nuncios unumquemque seorsum de capellanis Cardinalium praemonet, ut mane summo diluculo cum pluviali rubeo sub cappa nigra retento, ignorante domino, eumdem suum dominum inducerent; istud vero propter hoc ingenium adinvenerat, quatenus singulos pro accipiendo de manibus ejus Papatu attentiores redderet, et sic saltem absque timore venirent et quidam factum Papae Gelasii recolentes, convenire timebant, tamen in crastinum illecti fatuique conveniunt ad B. Johannis Basilicam in Ecclesia quae Sancti Pancratii dicitur, Episcopi et Cardinales intrarunt, ibique post verba quaelibet Jonatas Sanctorum Cosmae et Damiani Diaconus Cardinalis collaudantibus omnibus, ipso etiam Domino Lamberto Episcopo Theobaldum Cardinalem Presbyterum Sanctae Anastasiae in Papam Coelestinum calppa rubea coelitus induit; sed patitur Coelestinus, ego nescio tunc aliquando quae nollet. Incaeptum est: Te Deum laudamus gaudendo, non tamen dimidiato adhuc Lamberto pariter nobis cum alta voce cantante in Ecclesia; Robertus ipsius Frajapane verti fecit in luctum cytharam, etenim ipse cum quibusdam consentaneis fuit, et aliquibus de curia Lambertum Ostiensem Episcopum Papam acclamaverunt, deinde infimiis, quae ante Ecclesiam Sancti Silvestri sitae sunt, sine mora eum composuerunt: unde licet magna discordia et tumuntus emerserit, tamen postea pacificatis omnibus et ad concordiam redactis Papam Honorium sublimant.

Unfortunately, efforts to arrange the cardinals neatly into two parties based on these issues has not been successful. The real facts do not support the vast superstructures of speculation and inference as to interests and motives.

In 1124, all of the leaders of the Curia, including the Cardinals, and especially Petrus Petri Leonis (Pierleone) and Leo Frangipane had agreed that they should put off all discussion of the election until the third day from the death of Pope Callistus (Guy de Bourgogne, brother of Count Stephen).  This would have been in accordance with canons and custom. Frangipane had already decided on Cardinal Lambert of Ostia, while the whole people were demanding Cardinal Saxo, Cardinal Priest of S. Stefano. Leo Frangipane tricked all the cardinals into attending a meeting, though they were afraid as they remembered the election of Pope Gelasius. Nonetheless, they assembled at the Lateran Basilica in the chapel of S. Pancrazio, and there, after a few words by Jonathan, Cardinal Deacon of SS. Cosmas and Damian, they unanimously (even including Lambert, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia) elected Theobald Boccadipecora , the Cardinal Priest of S. Anastasia, as Pope Celestine. They then sang the Te Deum, led by Cardinal Lambert. But Robert Frangipane, along with some of his supporters in the Curia, loudly proclaimed Cardinal Lambert, and at the far end of the Basilica where the Chapel of Saint Silvester is, they immediately installed him, and, though a great tumult ensued, eventually they accepted Lambert as Pope Honorius. Theobald resigned.

The "Life of Honorius II" (Muratori RIS III.1, 422), provides the continuation of the story, noting the bad conscience of Honorius, his resignation of the papal throne, and his reinvesting by the Cardinal Bishops, Cardinal Priests, and Cardinal Deacons:

Hic electus est sub contentione cum Tebaldo Buccapecu Presbytero Cardinali tituli Sanctae Anastasiae, anno incarnationis Dominicae MCCXXV. Sed quia electio ipsius Honorii minus canonice processerat, post septem dies in conspectu Fratrum sponte mitram et mantum refutavit, atque deposuit. Fratres vero tam Episcopi quam Presbyteri et Diaconi Cardinales, videntes ipsius humilitatem et prospicientes in posterum, ne in Romanum Ecclesiam aliquam inducerent novitatem, quod perperam factum fuerat, in melius reformarunt et eumdem Honorium denuo advocantes, ad ejus vestigia prociderunt et tamquam Pastori suo et universali Papae consuetam sibi obedientiam exhibuere.

Thus, the defective claim of Honorius to the papal throne was repaired through his resignation and the repledging of obedience by the College of Cardinals. Whether that was actually done according to the canons,and whether the action of the Cardinals constituted an Election, is a moot question, since the affair was never challenged and Honorius continued to reign.

Even before Pope Honorius II was dead there was street fighting between Leo Pierleoni (the Cardinal's brother) and Leo Frangipane. Both swore, however, in the presence of the Cardinals, that neither one would create trouble over the election of a new pope (Watterich II, 181).

In addition there was trouble in northern Italy which was tending toward schism, or so Honorius believed. He deposed the Archbishops of Venice and Aquileia ("Life of Honorius II," in Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III. 1, p. 422).

The Cardinals

According to Onuphrio Panvinio, Epitome Pontificum Romanorum (Venetiis 1557), twenty-four cardinals followed Anacletus II (pp. 105-106), seventeen followed Innocent II [Gregory, Cardinal Deacon of S. Angelo] (p. 100)—a total of forty-one. Thirty-three of the names of the cardinals are easily verified from the Electoral Decree of Anacletus II and the list in the Vatican manuscript of the 'Cardinal of Aragon' [Baronius-Theiner 18, sub anno 1130, no. 3]. Some indication of loyalties can also be gathered from the letter of the cardinals and others in Rome (obedience of Anacletus II) to Lothar, King of the Romans and from the Letter of the Cardinals to the Church of Compostela (Obedience of Anacletus II). A bull of Honorius II, dated May 7, 1128, provides a good list of thirty-four Cardinals and their tituli [Pressutti, Regesta Honorii Papae III, Volumen primum, p. lxiv]. Modern scholarship insists that there were 42 cardinals (Klewitz, Ende, p. 372; Schmale, Schisma 32-33; Zenker, Mitglieder, pp. 194-195; Mario da Bergamo, La duplice elezione, p. 302; H. Bloch, Montecassino, p. 950).

1. Petrus, Suburbicarian Bishop of Porto (died 1133) [Cardella I.1, p. 212-213]. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. After he was excommunicated by Innocent II, he was replaced by Canon Theodwin (as Bishop of Santa Ruffina) in 1134 or 1135 [JL 8443 (5984), 8446 (5986); he is called Theodorico episcopo Silvae Candidae apostolicae sedis legato in JL 8084 (March 4, 1140), probably an incorrect expansion of an abbreviated name by a copyist; Eggs, Purpura Docta (1714) p.65]. Theodwin died in 1153, shortly after the election of Anastasius IV.
2. Willelmus (Guillaume) [French] Praenestinus, in succession to Cardinal Conon in 1122 (died 1140/41) [Cardella 261; G. Cappelletti Le chiese d' Italia I (1844), p. 605]. In 1132, Willelmus presided at a judicial hearing at the council of Reims: in praesentia nostra [Donoaldo, Aletense episcopo, et aliis] necnon et venerabilium cardinalium Willelmi Praenestini episcopi, Johannis Cremonensis cardinalis presbyteri, Guidonis diaconi itidem cardinalis [Martène-Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum 4 (Paris 1717), 139-140].
3. Matthaeus of Reims, O. Clun., Bishop of Albano (died 1135) [Ciaconius-Olduinus, 960-962; Duchesne, Cardinaux François, pp.101-105; Eggs, Purpura Docta (1714) pp. 59-62; Cardella, 272-274; Baronius-Theiner, sub anno 1130, no. 46, p. 430]. Former Abbot of S. Martin in Campis in Paris,. In 1127, on instructions from Honorius II, he presided at Montecassino over the election of Honorius' candidate Seniorectus as Abbot. Legate of Pope Honorius in France, held a council at Troyes [Migne, Patrologiae Tomus 173, 1261-1262]. In 1128 [Bernhardi, Lothar, p. 249] He was ordered by Pope Honorius to judge the complaints against Bishop Henri of Verdun lodged by his Canons [JL 7320]. He then held a council at Chalons on February 2, 1129, where the matter was discussed and finally BIshop Henri was deposed [Bernhardi, Lothar, pp. 249-250]. On January 20, 1131, he was back in France, at Morigny in the diocese of Sens, participating with the exiled Innocent II in the consecration of an altar [Chronicon Mauriniacense 1: MGH SS 26, pp. 40-41]. Cardinal Matthaeus died December 25, 1135. On his career, see Peter the Venerable, de miraculis II. 14-16 [Migne PL 189, columns 926-928]. [Hüls, pp. 96-98]
4. Joannes, OSB Camald. [Bolognese], Bishop of Ostia [Ciaconius-Olduinus, 962-963; Cardella, 274-275]. His successor was Rodulphus [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita II, no. 317, p. 279 (August 23, 1134)], and then the Benedictine Drogo, created in 1134 or 1135 [Eggs, Purpura Docta (1714) pp.64-65]. Drogo's successor was Alberic (consecrated on April 3, 1138 by Innocent II: JL p. 879); in 1138 and 1139 he was legatus a latere in England, where he held a council at London, and consecrated Theobald of Bec as Archbishop of Canterbury on January 8, 1139: Gervase of Canterbury, Actus pontificum p. 384 Stubbs; Baronius-Theiner 18, p. 564).
5. Conradus [Romanus, from the Suburra] [Nephew of Honorius II, according to Cardella (I, pp. 279-280), who makes him a creation of Honorius II in his second creation, in 1126—in complete contradiction to the evidence. Honorius II was from Bologna, and Cardinal Conradus was subscribing long before 1126] Conradus was Cardinal Priest in the titulus Pastoris [S. Pudenziana] [Cardella, 221]. He had been Abbot of S. Rufus in Avignon [Brixius, 36 no. 26]. Conradus, however, had been appointed Cardinal Priest by Paschal II, somewhere between 1111 and 1114 [Hüls, p. 201]. His earliest subscription is on February 25, 1114 [Ughelli, Italia Sacra 1, column 893; JL 6371. Miranda makes the date February 23]. He subscribed a bull on April 1, 1124 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita 2, no. 289, p. 244-245; JL 7147]. His latest subscription as Cardinal Priest is on July 21, 1126 [JL 7266]. He was promoted Cardinal Bishop of Sabina, before May 7, 1128 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita II, no. 300, p. 260-261; Hüls, p.128];  in fact, an inscription from S. Nicola in Carcere, apparently dated 1127, refers to him as Bishop of Sabina [V. Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chiese di Roma IV, p. 119 no. 260].  [ In general see Brixius, p. 36 no. 26, and pp. 78-79; Ganzer, pp. 66-67; Hüls, p. 201]. During the expulsion of Innocent II (1130-1133), he held the office of Papal Vicar in Rome. He and Cardinal Gerardus of Santa Croce were papal vicars in Rome for Innocent II in 1132 [Jaffé, Monumenta Bambergensia, p. 442, no. 259]. Vicar of Rome for Eugenius III, he was elected Pope Anastasius IV on July 8, 1153, and died on December 3, 1154. Salvador Miranda knows nothing of him after the Election of 1124, and has him die ca. 1130!   He is mentioned, however, as Bishop of Sabina, in a dedicatory inscription at S. Tommaso in Parione on December 21, 1139  [V. Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chiese di Roma  VII, p. 535, no. 1091].
         He was sent on a legation along with Cardinal Comes of S. Maria in Aquiro by Paschal II; they were in Ventimiglia, allegedly in 1110 [Kehr, IP VI. 2, p. 364 no. *1; Ganzer, p. 66; the text is known only from an 18th century collection made by order of the bishop], on their way to France [Cappelletti, Le chiese d' Italia XIII, p. 582, who does not give the date]. One must be suspicious of the early date. Hüls (p. 231) remarks that Cardinal Comes was "zu einem nicht genau bestimmbaren Zeitpunkt päpstlicher legat in Ventimiglia". Comes' earliest subscription is on December 21, 1116 [JL 6533].
6. Aegidius (Gilo, Gilles), Bishop of Tusculum (died 1139) [Cardella, 262-263]. A good friend of Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny. He did not participate, being Apostolic Legate in Palestine. His appointment was announced by Honorius II in a letter to the Antiochenes in July, 1128 [JL 7317; William of Tyre XIII. 23, in Migne PL 201, 572], his immediate mission being to restore to the Church of Tyre and its newly installed Archbishop Guillelmus (who had come to Rome to receive the pallium and to enter his complaints: JL 7315, 7316) the suffragan bishops which had been poached by the Archbishop of Antioch. Cardinal Aegidius followed Pope Anacletus II (Pierleone) in the schism of 1130-1138. William of Tyre calls Aegidius virum eloquentem et litteratum admodum.
   
   
7. Bonifacius, Cardinal Priest of S. Marco, Archpriest of the S. R. E. [Cardella, 191-192]. He appears as early as April 11, 1111, as one of those who took the oath with the Emperor Henry, on behalf of Paschal II [Jaffé, Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum, V: Monumenta Bambergensia (1869), p. 275]. He was one of the cardinals who did not flee with Pope Gelasius to France in 1118. Subscribed on May 5, 1125 (?) [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum Inedita 2, no. 295, p. 255; JL 7210]. His latest subscription is on May 7, 1128 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita 2, 261; JL 7312]. The election of Anacletus II, of whom he was a supporter, was held in his titulus.
8. Amicus, OSB, Cardinal Priest in the title of SS. Nerei et Achillei [Julius von Pflugk-Harttung (editor), Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita II, no. 260, p. 216 (April 20, 1117); and Pandulphus of Pisa, in the Election of 1118]. He had been a monk of Montecassino. He received a grant for his monastery of S. Vincenzo at the Volturno in Capua in 1128 [Kehr Italia Pontificia 8, p. 253 no. 23; Ganzer, p. 69]. He cannot have died "ca. 1122", as Salvador Miranda announces. He is not the same as Amicus, the Subdiaconus Cardinalis et Abbas S. Laurentii foris muros, who subscribed for Gelasius II at Pisa on September 26, 1118 [Bullarium Romanum II (Torino 1865) no. vi., p. 289]. In the schism of 1130 Cardinal Amicus of SS. Nereus and Achilles took the side of Pope Anacletus II [Watterich II, 185-186]
9. Petrus Rufus, Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Silvestri et Martini in Montibus [Cardella, 191]. He became Cardinal Priest of SS. Silvestro e Martino tit. Equitii by May 5, 1125 [JL 7210; Hüls, p. 193]. He followed Innocent II in the schism of 1130-1138, and is last heard of in December, 1131. His successor at S. Adriano was Cardinal Matheus, who was said by Pandulphus Pisanus to have been made a cardinal by Calixtus II [Pandulphus Pisanus, "Vita Calixti II", in Watterich II, p. 117], and who subscribes at Beneventum on September 11, 1123 [Kehr, Nachrichten... Göttingen (1903), p. 105]—indicating that Petrus Rufus had been promoted by mid-1123. [Cf. Hüls, p. 193] Petrus Rufus' predecessor at SS. Silvestro e Martino had been Cardinal Divizo who had been promoted Cardinal Bishop of Tusculum by March 4, 1121.
10. Desiderius, Cardinal Priest of S. Praxedis [Cardella I. 1, p. 221-222; Baronius-Theiner 18, sub anno 1130, no. 3] did not attend the Elections of 1130, but supported Anacletus II
11. Petrus della Gherardesca dei Conti di Donoratico [Petrus Pisanus], Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Susannae (subscribes 1118-1144) [Cardella, 227-228]. A notable canonist and theologian. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130.
12. Joannes de Crema (Cremensis) [Lombard], Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Crisogono (died 1138). Pandulphus Pisanus characterizes him as follows: "Hic Johannem Cremensem, hominem litteratum et providum, sed turpis fame magis quam opus sit, [Honorius II] suspendit a cardinalatus officio; sed ipse scit et Deus qualiter eum postea restituerit" [See M. Stroll, The Jewish Pope, p. 12 n.9]. He was rebuilding the basilica of S. Crisogono in Trastevere in the 1120's, until his flight from Rome with his pope, before May 15, 1130 [Cardella, 229-231]. In 1129 he presided at a synod of bishops of the See of Milan at Pavia, in order to excommunicate the Archbishop of Milan, Anselm, who had crowned Conrad as King of the Romans at Monza, against the wishes of the Honorius II [Kehr, Italia Pontificia 6.1, p. 56, no. 145]. He supported Innocent II in the schism of 1130-1138, and was his Apostolicae Sedis Legatus in some minor business at Langres in 1131 [W. Wiederhold, Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, phil.-hist. Klasse (1906) p. 21-23 nr. 3]. He was present at a judicial hearing at the council of Reims in 1132: in praesentia nostra [Donoaldo, Aletense episcopo, et aliis] necnon et venerabilium cardinalium Willelmi Praenestini episcopi, Johannis Cremonensis cardinalis presbyteri, Guidonis diaconi itidem cardinalis [E. Martène-U. Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum 4 (Paris 1717), 139-140]. He wrote a book entitled De schismate Anacleti   [Eggs, Purprua Docta (1714), p. 58]. He died before January 21, 1137, when his successor Cardinal Bernardus is in office.
13. Sigito (Sigizo), Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Sisto [Cardella, 226, 267 (Sigirone); Turin edition Bullarium Romanum II, 360]. Subscribed a bull on January 3, 1121 [JL 6886], December 28, 1121 [Migne PL 163, 1229; JL 6940]. and on numerous other occasions. He supported Pope Anacletus II in the schism of 1130-1138. His latest subscription was on April 24, 1130 [JL 8375; Hüls, p. 206].
14. Gregorius ("of Ceccano"), Cardinal Priest in the titulus SS. Philippi et Jacobi (Basilica XII Apostolorum). Dismissed from his cardinalate because of his leadership in the revolt against Paschal II at the Council of 1112, but reinstated by Calixtus II after the death of his predecessor, Cardinal Hugo (cardinal by 1118, died at the end of 1121 or beginning of 1122). Gregorius subscribes 1123-1139. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. He was the recipient of a letter from Anacletus II on April 24, 1130, granting him the church of Abba Cyri (JL 8375; Pflugk-Harttung, Iter Italica, p. 232 no. 378). He was Pope Anacletus' successor, Victor IV, for a brief time in 1138. [Hüls, 152; Stroll, 136-139].
15. Saxo (Sasso) dei Conti di Segni [born in Anagni], Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Stephani in Monte Celio. Signed March 24, 1129 [Migne PL 166, 1296] and April 10, 1129 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita III, no. 36, p. 31]. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II. Chancellor of Pope Anacletus (His successor as Anacletus' Chancellor was Cardinal Matthew of S. Pietro in Vincoli, by October, 1133). [Cardella, 225-226; Brixius, p. 39 no. 41, and p. 83 n. 39].
16. Petrus (Pierre) [of Fontaine, near Dijon in Burgundy], Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Marcelli [Ciaconius-Olduinus, 946; Cardella, 253-254]. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130.
17. Comes (Robertus), Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Sabinae [Cardella, 267; Baronius-Theiner 18, sub anno 1130, no. 3]. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130.
18. Gregorius, Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Balbinae (subscribes 1125-1139) [Cardella, 275-276]. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. [Hüls p. 154 no. 5]
19. Crescentius, Cardinal Priest in the titulus SS. Marcellini et Petri. Made a Cardinal Deacon by Calixtus II. Made a Cardinal priest by Calixtus II [Pandulphus Pisanus, "Vita Calixti II", in Watterich II, p. 116]. Subscribed as Cardinal Priest in succession to Cardinal Rainerius (who last subscribes on April 17, 1121), by December 28, 1121 [Migne PL 163, 1229; JL 6940]. Subscribed April 1, 1124 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita 2, no. 289, p. 244-245; JL 7147]. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. He supported Pope Anacletus II in the schism of 1130-1138. Last subscription on April 11, 1139, at which point he was deposed by the II Lateran Council of Innocent II [Cardella, 243-244; Brixius, pp. 32-33 no. 9; Zenker, 115].
20. Lictefridus (Ugo Lectifredo), Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Vitalis [Cardella, 268]. He subscribed a diploma for Honorius II on May 7, 1128 [JL 7312]. He supported Pope Anacletus II in the schism of 1130, and signed his Electoral Decree on February 14, 1130. He later went over to Innocent II and is last heard of in a subscription of May 18, 1140 (JL 8095). [Hüls, p. 211]
21. Matheus, Cardinal in the titulus S. Apostoli Petri ad vincula. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. Chancellor for Pope Anacletus by October 21, 1136 (JR 8429) [Ciaconius-Olduinus, 964; Cardella, 277].
22. Petrus Petri Leonis (Pierleone) [Romanus], Cardinal Priest of S. Maria trans Tiberim tit. Calixti, from June 12, 1120 [Cardella 234-237; Hüls, pp. 187-188] He had been a monk at Cluny. He formerly was Cardinal Deacon SS. Cosmae et Damiani (1116-1120) [Pandulphus, in Muratori, RIS III.1, p. 398, col. 2; Cardella, 255-256; Hüls, 225]. He was with Paschal II at Benevento on April 20, 1117 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita 2, no. 260, p. 216]. He subscribed a bull for Pope Gelasius II on September 26, 1118 [Migne, PL 163, 499 no. xvi; JL 6652]. He participated in the Election of 1119 at Cluny. He subscribes a bull at Pisa on May 14, 1120 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita 2, 223; JL 6848]. [For a revised and much more favorable view of his career under Calixtus II, see M. Stroll, The Jewish Pope, pp. 12-16]. He was legatus a latere and Papal Vicar in England, Scotland, Ireland and the Isles in 1122, to which was added France [Stroll, p. 13]. He was back in Rome and subscribed a document in favor of Pisa in the matter of Corsica on April 6, 1123 [Migne PL 163, 1289; JL 7056]. On September 30, 1123, he was sent back to France, with a high commendation from Calixtus II to Louis VI [Migne PL 163, 1297. He did not attend the Election of 1124. On October 27, 1123, he was at Seez with Cardinal Gregorius Papareschi, according to Ordericus Vitalis. He was at Noyon on June 28, 1124 [Hüls, p. 190 n.20]. Subscribed in Rome on May 5, 1125 (?) [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita 2, no. 295, p. 255; JL 7210]. He was elected Pope Anacletus II on the morning of February 14, 1130.
23. Hubertus Ratta (or Rosso) Lanfranchi [Pisanus], Cardinal in the titulus S. Clementis. In 1129 he was sent as Apostolic Legate in Spain, with letters of commendation to Archbishop Didacus Gelmirez and to King Alfonso [JL 7382, 7383 (December 19, 1129)] It is unlikely that he was back in Rome by February 13, 1130. [In general: Cardella, 276-277; Hüls, pp. 162-163].
24. Anselmus, Canon Regular SS. Salvatoris, Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Laurentii in Lucina. His earliest known subscription is dated May 7, 1128 [JL 7312], and is latest on June 21, 1141 [JL 8174]. He followed Innocent II in his schism. (died before May, 1244) [Cardella, 281]. His successor was Cardinal Hugo, promoted from the deaconry of S. Lucia in Orpheo by May 26, 1144 [Brixius, p. 50 and 98-99; Zenker, 123-125].
25. Joselmus, or Jocelinus, Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Caeciliae (from 1127; died after 1133) [Cardella, 282; Laderchi, S. Caeciliae... acta et Transtyberina basilica II (1723) 22-23].
26. Gerardus Cacciamemici [Bolognese] Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Crucis in Gerusalemme. [Cardella, 263-265]. Papal legate in Germany in 1125, where he was present at the crowning of the German King at Aachen on September 13. On April 13, 1130 he was present in Bologna at a dispute between the Bolognese and the Archbishop of Ravenna [Kehr, Italia Pontificia 5, p. 250 no. 20]. He was sent by Innocent II on a mission to win over the Emperor Lothar on February 18, 1130—only four days after the Election; he had previously been Honorius' legate in Germany [W. Bernhardi, Lothar von Supplinberg (Leipzig 1879), 336-337; JL 5317; Jaffé, Monumenta Bambergensia, p. 432, no. 249]. He and Cardinal Conradus, Bishop of Sabina, were papal vicars in Rome for Innocent II in 1132 [Jaffé, Monumenta Bambergensia, p. 442, no. 259]. He was causidicus of the Roman Church at the discussions before the Emperor in July, 1137 in the matter of the Monstery of Montecassino [Chronicon Casinense IV. 109, in Migne PL 173, 937-938; MGH SS 7, 822].He was appointed Bibliothecarius (and Chancellor) in succession to Cardinal Aymeric by June, 1142. He became Pope Lucius II on May 12, 1144, and died on February 15, 1145.
27. Petrus Cariacenus di Garisendo [Bolognese], Cardinal Priest in the titulus S. Anastasiae, formerly Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata. His promotion came in 1127 or 1128. He was succeeded by Azo, before January 8, 1135 [JL 7673], who died shortly before October 3, 1139 [JL 8044 (5735)]. Azo was succeeded by Ribaldus, who was followed by Aribertus (under Celestine II, late in 1143, until after the end of December, 1155). [Cardella, 277-278; Brixius, p. 38 no. 34; Zenker, 70-71]
28. ? Henricus Cardinal Priest in the titulus SS. Aquilae et Priscae [Cardella, 284]. [Brixius, pp. 35 and 75; and Zenker, p. 94, believe he was created by Pope Anacletus II, but cf. below]. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. He subscribes for Pope Anacletus on April 24, 1130 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita 2, no. p. 330; JL 8375]. His predecessor, Cardinal Gerardus, who, in a bull of April 10, 1129, is called Gutardus cardinalis tit. sanctorum Angeli et Priscae [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita III, no. 36, p. 31], died on April 25, 1129 [Hüls, p. 199].
    
    
29. Gregorius Papareschi [Romanus, of Trastevere], Cardinal Deacon of S. Angeli in Pescheria [Ciaconius-Olduinus I, 979-980; Cardella, 199-200]. S.R.E. Archidiaconus. Appears as Cardinal Deacon from May 24, 1116; subscribes on November 23, 1116 [Migne PL 163, p. 411; JL 6531]. One of the three cardinals appointed by Calixtus II in 1120 to negotiate with Emperor Henry V.   In November, 1122, he escorted the Imperial Ambassadors to Rome, while Lambert and Saxo remained in Bamberg with the Emperor [MGH 2 Leges 4 Constitutiones vol. 1, no. 109 and 110, pp. 162-163.] Subscribed on May 5, 1125 (?) [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum Inedita 2, no. 295, p. 255; JL 7210].
30. Oderisius, OSB, Cardinal Deacon sanctae Agathae, qui postea abbas Cassinensis (January, 1123 to May, 1126) effectus est. Pandulphus Pisanus calls him Oderisius Sangretanus sanctae Agathae [in his life of "Gelasius II", in Watterich II, p. 95]. Petrus Diaconus explains, "Hic ex Sangrorum comitum prosapia suae originis lineam ducens" [Petrus Diaconus IV. 77, Migne, 903; MGH SS 7, 804]. Oderisius was made a cardinal in A.D. 1111, at the same time as Cardinal Roscemannus [Petrus Diaconus Chronicon IV. 42, in Migne PL 173, 871]. His predecessor as abbot died on January 17, 1123 [Petrus Diaconus IV. 77, Migne, 903; MGH SS 7, 804]. He was deposed as abbot in 1126. Paulus Diaconus says he ruled Montecassino as abbot for 3 years, 4 months, and 15 days. Salvador Miranda gives the date of his death as August 28, 1126; in fact, he subscribed bulls for Pope Anacletus while he was in Benevento, 1134-1136. The Necrologion Casinense [Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores VII, 944] says: "3 Kal. Sept. Obiit D. Oderisius Card. diac. et Abb. hujus loci." [August 30]. Oderisius does not appear in connection with either election of 1130.
31. Gregorius, Cardinal Deacon S. Eustachii (before 1118) et prior of the Monastery of SS. Andrew and Gregory in Clivo Scauri [Cardella, 237-238]. An Anacletan. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. Sent as legate to Cluny by Anacletus on May 1, 1130, to advise them to adhere to his party [JL 8376 (5928)]. His credentials extended to Aquitaine [JL 8377-8378]. His latest subscription is on December 7, 1134.[Brixius, p. 31 no. 16; Zenker, p. 175]. Innocent II appointed Cardinal Vassalus to the Diaconia by April 22, 1134 .
32. Stephanus dei Conti di Berry (Montebeliardo), Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in schola graeca [JL p. 781], nephew of Callistus II. Archbishop of Metz [Ciaconius-Olduinus, 946-947; Cardella, 254-255] did not participate, supported Anacletus II (Pierleone)
33. Jonathas (Gionato) Cardinal Deacon SS. Cosmae et Damiani [Cardella, 255-256], by December 17, 1120 [His subscription appears in the bull of Paschal II, found in Migne, PL 163, no. dxxxviii, columns 445-448, but the date (1116) reveals it to be a forgery]. Pandulphus Pisanus states that Jonathas was made a cardinal by Calixtus II [Pandulphus Pisanus, "Vita Calixti II", in Watterich II, p. 117]. First subscribes on January 3, 1121 [JL 6886] . Subscribes a bull on December 28, 1121 [Migne PL 163, 1229; JL 6940]. Subscribed April 6, 1123 [Migne PL 163, 1289; JL 7056]. Subscribed on April 15, 1123 [JL 7064]. Subscribed on April 1, 1124 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita 2, no. 289, p. 244-245; JL 7147]. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. He followed Pope Anacletus II during the schism of 1130-1138, and was promoted Cardinal Priest S. Maria transtiberim tit. Calixti on February 21, 1130, in succession to Cardinal Petrus Petri Leonis, who had been elected Pope Anacletus II. [Brixius, p. 36 no. 25; Zenker, 54-55].
34. Angelus, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica [Cardella, 265-266; Hüls, 234]. He signed the Electoral Decree of Pope Anacletus II on February 14, 1130. Innocent replaced him, after he was deposed by the Lateran Synod of 1139 [JL p. 885], with Cardinal Gerard, who signed documents for him and for Celestine II in 1143 and 1144.
35. Romanus S. Mariae in Porticu (died 1134) [Cardella, 239; Hüls, pp. 236-237]] Evidently a creation of Pope Gelasius II. His earliest surviving subscription is on January 5, 1120 [JL 6804]. Subscribed on April 15, 1123 [JL 7064]. Subscribed April 6, 1123 [Migne PL 163, 1289; JL 7056]. Subscribed April 1, 1124 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita 2, no. 289, p. 244-245; JL 7147]. Latest subscription on November 16, 1134 [JL 7662]. Legate to Germany in 1125, where he participated in the election of Lothar III. Followed Innocent II in the schism of 1130-1138 [Cardella, 239; Zenker, p. 167] He was succeeded by Chrysogonus in 1135, then by Ribaldus in 1139, and Petrus (from 1140 to 1145).
36. Gregorius Tarquinius [Romanus], Cardinal Deacon of SS Sergius and Bacchus (died ca. 1150) [Cardella, 265]. Pandulphus Pisanus states that he was made a cardinal by Calixtus II [Pandulphus Pisanus, "Vita Calixti II", in Watterich II, p. 116]. An Innocentian. He crowned Guido di Città di Castello as Pope Celestine II on October 3, 1143.
37. Ioannes Dauferi [Salernitanus], Cardinal Deacon of S. Nicolai in carcere Tulliano [Hüls, pp. 240-241]. Pandulphus Pisanus states that he was made a cardinal by Calixtus II [Pandulphus Pisanus, "Vita Calixti II", in Watterich II, p. 116]. First subscribed April 6, 1123 [JL 7638]. Subscribed at Beneventum on September 11, 1123 [Kehr, Nachrichten... Göttingen (1903), p. 105]. He followed Pope Anacletus II during the schism of 1130-1138, who promoted him to Cardinal Priest of S. Pudentiana tit. Pastoris (1130-1131); but he switched over to Innocent II, who made him resume his old deaconate (December 1133-January 1134), though on April 22, 1134 [JL 11857], he is Cardinal Priest of S. Pudentiana again [Brixius, p. 35 no. 24; Zenker, pp. 110-111; Cardella, 269]. He did not participate in the Elections.
38. Haimericus (Aymeric) [Burgundian], Canon of S. Maria in Reno in Bologna. Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria Nova, Apostolicae Sedis Cancellarius (died May 28, 1141) [Duchesne Cardinaux françois I, 95-97; Cardella, 256; Bernhardi, Lothar, pp. 287, 292, 296-299, 321, 324; Brixius p.32 no. 2; Zenker, p. 142 no. 116; Huls, p. 236]. Leader of the French party in the Curia, whose program included radical reform of the clergy. In the letter of the electors of Pope Anacletus to the Emperor Lothar [Watterich II, 186], they remark of Aymeric: Porro Haimericus quondam cancellarius, qui Romanam ecclesiam quasi vile scortum pro luxuriis et avaritia sua long iam tempore habuit pristitutam, qui simoniis, sicut vos ipsi [Lotharus], ut credimus, aliquando fuistis experti, exactionibusque variis Dei ecclesiam et Dei servos diutius trucidavit, arridente ei egregio viro Leone Fraiapane.... Aymeric himself appears to have been in need of some reformation, to judge from the complaints of his fellow cardinals.
39. Stephanus Stornatus [Venetus], Cardinal Deacon of S. Lucia [in Selci (Silice) or Orfea: Panvinio, 95; Cardella, 244] He is only attested in subscriptions from April 2, 1125 to May 5, 1128 [Brixius, p. 39 no. 43], though he appears on Pandulphus Pisanus' list of cardinals at the time of the Election of 1118. Subscribed on May 5, 1125 (?) [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum Inedita 2, no. 295, p. 255; JL 7210]. Pope Anacletus II promoted Stephanus to Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, but when he went over to Innocent II, he had to resume his old deaconate (1132-1137) [Zenker, 182]. [Cardella, 278; Mario da Bergamo, La duplice elezione, 286-287; Hüls, pp. 228-229].
40. Guido [diocese of Città di Castello], Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata (1126/7-1133) [Cardella, 282-283; L.Cavazzi, S. Maria in Via Lata (1908), p. 400 ]. Canon of the Cathedral of S. Florido in Città di Castello; in 1141, he obtained a privilegium for the Canons [JL 8132]. He was made a Cardinal by Honorius II. His predecessor at S. Maria in via lata, Cardinal Petrus, was promoted to the rank of Cardinal Priest of S. Anastasia in 1127. After the disputed election of 1130, Guido fled to France along with Innocent II. In 1132 he was sent as a member of a legation, with Cardinal Wilelmus of Palestrina and Joannes de Crema of S. Crisogono, to arrange a deal with Lothar III to invade Italy and seize Rome for Innocent. In 1132 he was present at a judicial hearing at the council of Reims: in praesentia nostra [Donoaldo, Aletense episcopo, et aliis] necnon et venerabilium cardinalium Willelmi Praenestini episcopi, Johannis Cremonensis cardinalis presbyteri, Guidonis diaconi itidem cardinalis [Martène-Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum 4 (Paris 1717), 139-140]. He followed Innocent back to Italy, was present when Innocent met Lothair at Viterbo, and was able to enter Rome under the protection of Imperial troops on April 30, 1133. Cardinal Guido was promoted Cardinal Priest of S. Marco in December, 1133, and was succeeded at S. Maria by Ubaldo Pepoli (1133-1144). As a supporter of Innocent II, he participated in the Council of Pisa in 1135. In 1137 he was one of the three cardinals sent to negotiate with the Emperor Lothair in the matter of the Monastery of Montecassino, in particular the election of Abbot Rainaldo, a friend of Roger of Sicily. When Innocent II died on September 24, 1143, Cardinal Guido, who was a member of the faction of Chancellor Aimericus, was elected pope, as the second Celestine II (1143-1144). Dieter Girgensohn, "Papa Celestino II," Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 23 (1979).
41. Rusticus dei Rustici [Romanus], Cardinal Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro [Cardella, 284]. Archpriest of Vatican Basilica [Pressutti, Regesta Honorii Papae III, Volumen primum, p. lxiv; Archivio della R. Societa Romana di storia patria 25 (1902), 278; Pflugk-Harttung (editor), Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita II, no. 300, p. 260-261 (May 7, 1128)]. Did not participate in the Election, perhaps because he was Apostolicate Legate in northern Italy [Kehr, IP VI. 2, p. 214 no. *6], though the evidence is admittedly very thin. But he supported Innocent II [Zenker, p. 109].
42. Albertus "Theodulus" [Florence], Cardinal Deacon of S. Teodoro. Appointed by Honorius II, perhaps on September 23, 1126. First subscribes on December 5, 1127 [Kehr, Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, phil.-hist. Klasse (1898) no. 10, p. 79]. Subscribed documents for Innocent II in 1131. His latest subscription is on January 1, 1135 [Cardella, 284; Brixius, p. 32 no. 3 and p. 72; Zenker, p. 157; Hüls, p. 243].
43. Petrus, Cardinal Deacon of S. Adriano [Ciaconius column 969; Duchesne, Cardinaux François, pp. 108-109; Cardella, 284]. did not participate, supported Anacletus II (Pierleone). His predecessor was Cardinal Mattheus, who was promoted to the titulus of Eudoxia, S. Pietro in Vincoli, between March 27, 1127 and May 7, 1128 [Hüls, p. 221, who does not list Cardinal Petrus, and suggests that the titulus was vacant at the time of the disputed election of 1130. He cites no evidence and gives no reasons]. Cardinal Petrus was succeeded by Guido by January of 1134, and then by Ubaldus by February, 1139. Ubaldus was succeeded by Gilbertus in 1141 or 1142. Under Celestine II and Lucius II the Cardinal Deacon of S. Adriano was Joannes Paparo; he was promoted Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina in the first half March, 1151.

• Hüls lists another cardinal: Silvius, Cardinal deacon of S. Lucia iuxta Heligabalum (i.e. Saepta Solis).[Zenker, 141; Hüls, 230]. He had earlier (1126) been Prior of the Subdeacons of S. Croce. He signed the letter Pope Anacletus II to the German King [Watterich II, 185]. He subscribed on March 27, 1130 [JL 8373] and March 21 of either 1135 or 1137 [JL 8431]. Hüls [Kardinale, Klerus und Kirche (1977), pp. 230-231] is in error in at least one point, for the letter was a letter of the supporters of Pope Anacletus, not of Anacletus himself, but the letter was written after Pope Anacletus had named three new Cardinals and promoted two others.

The new cardinals of Pope Anacletus II (perhaps created on Friday, February 21, 1130 [R. Zopffel, Die Papstwahlen (1892) p. 384 n. 361; and see Fedele, Lo scisma, 680-682]), were:

• ?? Rainerius (Regnier, René) [of Burgundy], Cardinal Deacon of †S. Maria Nova† [Ciaconius-Olduinus, 953; Cardella, 266; Annuaire pontifical catholique 1928, p. 121; Salvador Miranda]. did not participate in the Elections of 1130; said to have supported Anacletus II (Pierleone); appointed Archpriest of Liberian Basilica by Anacletus II. Rainerius, however, could not have been at S. Maria Nuova; that was the deaconry of the Chancellor Cardinal Aymeric. There are no other notices of him, either of subscriptions or activities.

Yet Another Cardinal?

It is often contended that there was another Cardinal, who (according to the standard account) played no role whatever in the Election of 1130 or in the Schism that followed [H. Bloch, Montecassino, p. 950 n. 2]. His name was Guido, Bishop of Tivoli [Tibur], and he had previously been Archdeacon of Pisa. The evidence for his career is as follows:

• In December of 1119 he was one of three prelates coming from Rome to see Pope Calixtus II. The one source, Hugh the Chanter, of York, says: [Guido] Pisanus archdiaconus clericus erat sapiens et honestus, et inter Romanos opinionis bonae; qui eum non modice dilexit. Postea vero Liburtinus [sic! Tiburtinus] episcopus effectus est. Hugh does not mention a cardinalate for Guido, though he does notice Guido's promotion to the See of Tivoli. This may be evidence against Guido's alleged cardinalate, not in favor of it.
• Bishop Guido first subscribes a papal document on March 7, 1125 (JL 7189), and this is taken as proof that he was a Cardinal Bishop. However, in the same document Bishop Guido of Arezzo also signs, and signs before "Cardinal Guido of Tivoli", and yet the Bishop of Arezzo is not considered to be a cardinal. This is special pleading, or defective methodology. In fact, both were probably just local suffragan bishops of the Roman Province, who were in Rome for Holy Week ceremonies, and happened to be present at a document authentication.
• Salvador Miranda states, "Subscribed papal bulls issued between March 7, 1125 and July 21, 1126." [Perhaps the "between" should read "on"]. The matter at hand in the Bull of July 21, 1126 [Ughelli, Italia sacra III, 382-385], was the long-running dispute between the Archbishops of Genoa and Pisa over rights in the island of Corsica, which went back to the time of Urban II. Pope Honorius II had summoned both parties, examined the case (the Genoese having failed to appear), and given his judgment: Nunc itaque secundum iudicium fratrum nostrorum Episcoporum , et Cardinalium, et secundum consilium, et collaudationem Archiepiscoporum, Episcoporum et Abbatum, et nobilium Romanorum assensum praedecessorum nostrorum Urbani, Gelasii, et Callisti privilegia Pisanae Ecclesiae facta, et inconvulsa permanere statuimus, et praesentis privilegii pagina consecrationem Episcoporum Corsicae tibi per te Pisanae Ecclesiae restituimus... After the Cardinal Bishops is the signature (one of 38, twelve of whom were certainly not cardinals): Ego Episcopus Guido Tiburtinus subsc. Bishop Guido was present, of course, because he had been Archdeacon of Pisa and an interested party, because he had personal information, and because he supported Archbishop Rogerius of Pisa in his suit. His signature is not proof that he was a Cardinal.
• In 1131, Bishop Guido was with Innocent in exile in France. According to the Chronicon Morigniacense [MGH SS 26, pp. 40-41; Migne, PL 180 159], the papal suite visited that monastery on January 20 and 21, 1131, during which the consecration of an altar at that monastery was performed on January 20, 1131, by Innocent II.   Inter eas venerabiles personas, quae huic sanctae consecrationi adfuerunt, venerabiliores fuerunt episcopi cardinales: Guillilmus Praenestinus, Matthaeus Albanensis, Joannes Ostiensis, Guido Tiburtinus. Cardinales presbyteri: Joannes Cremensis de titulo S. Grisogoni, Petrus Rubeus de tit. S. Clementis, Gotielmus de tit. Sanctae Caeliae. Diaconi cardinales: Romanus de tit. Sanctae Mariae in Porticu, Haimericus cancellarius diaconus cardinalis de tit. Sanctae Mariae Novae, Guido de tit. Sanctae Mariae in Valata; Adinulfus abbas Farfensis, Bernardus abbas Clararum-Vallium... Petrus Abailardus, monachus et abbas...Girardus abbas...Sanxom abbas S. Luciani de Balvaco, Henricus vero Senonensis archiepiscopus juxta domnum papam in loco capellani fuit. Gaufridus autem Carnotensis episcopus ad populum sermonem fecit. Regrettably, there was no Cardinal Petrus Rubeus of S. Clemente; he was Cardinal of S. Silvestro e Martino tit. Equitii (1125-1131) [Migne PL 179, 95]. This is actually the only positive statement that Guido of Tivoli was a cardinal. But is it really? He was one of five bishops in the papal suite; the chronicler Teulfus may have assigned the category of "cardinal bishops". The lists of subscribers must have come from a papal bull, issued no doubt at the time of Innocent II's visit. The chronicler would have seen three columns of signatures, one of them with episcopi, a second with presb. card., and a third with diac. card. For the sake of a narrative, he placed summary descriptions at the beginning of each list. Guido's name was in the column of episcopi, and indeed he was a bishop. Teulfus' column heading made him a cardinal accidentally; "cardinal bishops" is not a phrase found in papal bulls. [JL 7441's notion that Innocent II issued a bull from Stampis on January 20, 1131, is a mistake derived from Migne PL 179, 72-74; the document actually has no date].
• The latest subscriptions are on two papal documents signed on April 14, 1139 (JL 7985; Trouillat, Monuments de l' histoire de Bâle I (1852), pp. 274-276 no. 182), in which there are nine persons present besides Innocent II.   In one (p. 275) he signs after the Cardinal Priests and before the Cardinal Deacons: Ego Guido Tiburtinus episcopus. In the other (JL 7986; Trouillat p. 278 no. 183) he signs after the one Cardinal Bishop, Cardinal Corradus Sabinensis: Ego Guido Tiburtinus episcopus. As it happens, the Second Lateran Council had taken place on April 3-4, 1139, giving a regional bishop a reason to be in Rome and to be present as a suffragan Bishop at the papal curia.
• Zenker, p. 52, states: "1130 gëhorte er zu den Wahlern Innozenz' II. unter dem er nicht weiter hervortrat." She offers no evidence to support her statement. Salvador Miranda remarks, "He is not listed among the participants in any of the papal elections that took place during his cardinalate." Honorius knew that he was dying, and electoral arrangements were being discussed (uncanonically) by February 12, 1130, two days before Honorius died. There was plenty of time for Guido to be present at the death bed.   In fact,  William of Malmesbury, Historiae Novellae Liber I § 5: (Migne, Patrologiae Latinae Tomus 179, columns 1397-1399), quotes a letter sent out by Cardinal Petrus, Bishop of Porto to his four Cardinal Bishop colleagues, quatuor episcopis Willelmo Praenestino, Matthaeo Albanensi, Conrado Sabiniensi, Joanni Ostiensi.  He does not name Guido of Tivoli.  In the letter he complains about misrepresentations of his views, Desistite jam mendaciis (he says).  He gives an example: Dominus Tiburti(n)us in scriptis suis cum sacramento testificatus est, dicens quod ego diaconum S. Angeli solum idoneum judicavi ad Pontificatus ordinem. Videat ipse quid dixerit: ego in occulto locutus sum nihil. Non est aliquis, qui hoc verbus ab ore meo unquam audierit. Haec fuit sententia mea semper, ut nonnisi sepulto papa de successoris persona mentio haberetur.   Guido Tiburtinus was at least issuing sworn statements after the Elections, in which he claims that Cardinal Petrus had recommended Cardinal Gregory of S. Angelo for pope, and this while Pope Honorius was alive—contrary to canon law.  Guido of Tivoli was a perjurer, and a supporter of Innocent II.

This is, in fact, very weak evidence on which to base Guido of Tivoli's supposed cardinalate.

An Electoral Agreement

When Pope Honorius II perceived that he was mortally ill, he commanded (or he was persuaded by Cardinal Aymeric, the Chancellor) that he be taken from his residence at the Lateran to the Monastery of St. Andrew and St. Gregory on the Clivus Scauri (Monte Celio), desiring no doubt to die in repentance among the monks of that House ("Life" by Pandulphus (Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III. 1, 432; Baronius-Theiner, sub anno 1130 no. 1, p. 415); the monastery was also well-fortified. Already by February 7 or 8, there were rumors going around that the Pope was dead, immediately followed by counter-rumors that he was still alive (Löwenfeld, Neues Archiv 11 (1886) 595-596). According to a letter written to St. Norbert of Magdeburg by Hubert, Bishop of Lucca (a supporter of Innocent II), the original plan of the cardinals who were gathered around the pope, conceived apparently on February 12 as the pope was dying, was to provide a successor to Pope Honorius by the use of the Way of Compromise (Watterich II, 179-180; 188). The cardinals met in the Secretarium of the Monastery of S. Andrew and S. Gregory on Wednesday, February 12. This meeting and discussion was in fact uncanonical and untraditional, as the majority at least of the cardinals admitted [Watterich II, 188]:

Quod quidam consilium approbantes astruebant, iuxta sententiam canonum vivente Romano Pontifice et eo de more non sepulto, non debere de succedentis electione tractari. Cui sententiae licet fratrum pars necessitatem temporis, urbis odia, partium studia, ecclesiae discrimina praetendentes resultarent, dicentes, oportere pro necessitate et tempore canones temperari: tamen post haec et alia sub districto anathemate stabilitum est ab omnibus, ut insepulto Papa nulla de personae alicuius electione mentio penitus haberetur.

That there should be no discussion of any successor by name while the current pope was alive was a position which Cardinal Petrus Leonis Pierleone had proclaimed at the previous election in 1124 (Pandulphus Pisanus, "Vita Honorii Papae II," in Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III. 1, p. 421). He was correct. In 499 A. D., at a Synod in Rome, Pope Symmachus had legislated against this very abuse:

Propter frequentes ambitus quorumdam et Ecclesiae nuditatem vel populi collisionem, quae molesta incompetenter episcopatum desiderantium generavit aviditas, ut extinguatur futuris praesumptio tam perniciosa temporibus, constituit sancta synodus: ut is quis presbyter aut diaconus aut clericus, papa incolumi et eo inconsulto, aut subscriptionem pro Romano pontificatu commodare, aut pitacio promittere aut sacramentum praebere tentaverit aut aliquod certe suffragium polliceri, vel de hac causa privatis conventiculis factis deliberare atque decernere, loci sui dignitate vel communione privetur...pari severitate feriendo eo, qui hoc vivo, sicuti dictum est, Pontifice quolibet modo fuerit ambisse convictus aut certe tentasse, omnibus pariter hujus culpae reis anathematis poena plectendis.

This legislation was not forgotten. It was quoted towards the end of the 11th century by Manegold in his treatise written to Gebehard, Archbishop of Salzburg, in defense of Gregory VII [MGH Libelli, Libelli de lite I, pp. 387-388]. It was enshrined in Gratian, Si quis Papa, c. 2, Dist. 79. Nonetheless, the cardinals agreed on a compromise committee and on a site for the Election, the Church of S. Adriano (the old Roman Senate House), which could be secured and defended from intrusion, and which they decreed should be handed over to the Cardinals. The Deaconry belonged to Cardinal Petrus, who did not take part in the electoral events. Two cardinals were sent to take custody of the fortifications, but they were prevented from doing so by certain bishops. A meeting at S. Adriano, as the compact dictated, never took place.

Eight cardinals were to have formed the committee of election, two Cardinal-Bishops, three Cardinal-Priests, and three Cardinal-Deacons.

Convenientibus cardinalibus in ecclesia sancti Andreae Apostoli, statutum est ab eis octo personis, duobus episcopis: Guillelmo Praenestino et C(onrado) Sabinensi; tribus cardinalibus presbyteris: P(ietro) Pisano, P(ietro) Rufo, et Petro Leonis; tribus cardinalibus diaconibus: Gregorio sancti Angeli, Ionathe, Aimerico cancellario; electionem Pontificis committi, ita ut si committeret, dominum Papam Honorium, qui tunc in articulo mortis positus erat, ab hac vita transire, persona, quae ab eis communis eligeretur vel a parte sanioris consilii, ab omnibus pro domino et Romano Papa susciperetur.

The agreement was ratified by Cardinal Guillaume, Bishop of Palestrina, and all the other cardinals:

Praenestinus etiam cum ceteris decrevit, ut si quis electioni taliter factae contradiceret, anathemati subiaceret, et si quis alium attemptaret eligere, factum pro infecto haberetur, nec ipse ulterius in ecclesia locum consequeretur.

Cardinal Petrus Petri Leonis confirmed his acceptance of this agreement with additional words of his own:

Non oportere eos dubitare, quod occasione sua in ecclesia scandalum oriretur, quoniam mallet in abyssum submergi quam propter se scandalum nasci.

It was then decided that the Electors would meet together on the next day. According to Bishop Hubert's letter, Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni went off to conspire in a meeting of his own (nothing odd about that in papal Rome). In a piece of daring fiction, Pope Honorius rises from his deathbed and shows himself at a window along with his brother and attendants, to prove that he was not dead, as Pietro and his followers are said to have believed. If this detail is not fiction, it demonstrates the length that Cardinal Aymeric would go in deception to carry out his plan: dragging a dying pope out of his bed to show his still living body to the people.

There is a story, retailed by the Continuator of the monk Anselm of Gembloux (Anselmus Gemblacensis † 1136; MGH SS VI, 383 cf. Holder, 61-64; Zopffel, 329), that Pope Honorius had designated Cardinal Gregory of S. Angelo as his successor:

Lambertus qui et Honorius papa moritur. Romanae ecclesiae pax interpolatur, altercantibus duobus de sede apostolica, quodam Gregoris et altero Petro Leonis ... Gregorius privilegium electionis ab Honorio papa adhuc vivente consensu quorumdam cardinalium sibi usurpat.

These cardinals (some of the cardinals, quorumdam cardinalium, as the anonymous Continuator puts it) according to Abbot Suger (Watterich II, 199), were those "qui assiduitate et familiaritate propinquiores Apostolici fuerant."   Suger's comment seems to be an obvious inference, not necessarily inside information. The single reference hardly agrees, indeed is inconsistent with, the narratives in the Italian sources. If there already was a designated successor, why would the Cardinals—while the Pope was still living—agree to appoint an Electoral Committee to carry out the Election? Why, especially, would Honorius' and Gregory's supporters agree to a plan which might perhaps frustrate Honorius' wishes? This is especially troubling if, as seems to have been the case, that four out of the five Cardinal Bishops who were present were partisans of Cardinal Gregory. They could have had a legitimate election according to the rules of Nicholas II's In nomine Domini. No, the alleged designation of Cardinal Gregory of S. Angelo must be considered a fiction, invented after the fact by his supporters to bolster his cause. Its canonical authority is, in any case, extremely doubtful (see Peries, passim). The French sources are all tainted with partisanship, and the monastic sources in particular, which had been in favor of reforming the Church along monastic lines since the days of Hildebrand. Gregory Papareschi of S. Angelo was one of them (a Canon Regular of the Lateran), and they would supply him with all the help they could.

It was in fact the Chancellor Cardinal Aymeric who was managing the death and burial of Honorius and the election of his successor, and Aymeric was a trickster, quite capable of putting out some convenient information when he was in Rome or when he was in France, trying to justify what had happened in Rome. Aymeric must have realized that even if the Cardinal Bishops chose the name of Gregory, that he could not win the endorsement of a majority of the Cardinal Priests and Cardinal BIshops (who had another preference), nor could Gregory win the endorsement of the nobles and people of Rome. A lengthy election might well produce a pope who was not a creature of Aymeric, the Burgundian chancellor, as Honorius had been.

Death of the Pope. The Midnight Election of Cardinal Gregory

But, as soon as Pope Honorius was dead, he was hastily buried in the cloister of the Monastery of S. Gregorio Magno in Clivo Scauri (to which the church of S. Andrew was attached), where he was residing when he died. The burial (it cannot be called a funeral) was carried out indecently and without the customary ceremonies; there was no laying-in-state and no public services of any kind (Watterich, 181):

cum Papa in sexta feria de initio quadragesimae ad patres suos appositus esset, celebratis exequiis pro necessitate loci et temporis, non tamen ex more sicut oportebat, cum calamitatis tempestas instaret

The Cardinal of Santa Susanna, Petrus Pisanus was present at the event and describes what happened (Watterich II, 189);

Et cum Papa adhuc vivere praedicarent, subito per laicorum manus mortuus miserabiliter defertur; non deponitur feretrum nec ulla ei obsequia fiunt, sed recto gradu, sicut vilissima bestia in claustrum trahitur et in vilissimum sepulcrum immergitur.

It is not stated what the calamity was that suddenly threatened the Church, that might justify the abandonment of canonical procedures, which had not threatened the Church earlier in the day or in the days preceding the Pope's death, unless it was that the opposition had withdrawn for the night.  Secrecy was what the Chancellor Cardinal Aymeric and four of the five Cardinal-Bishops who were with the pope when he died wished. The body of the dead pope had to be buried (it was disinterred after a few hours and carried to the Lateran where it was finally buried) before the election of his successor could begin. This canonical rule is applied again by Innocent III in June, 1215, in the case of the election of a Bishop of Parma [Potthast, Regesta, 4989]. In the middle of the night of 13/14 February, 1130, as soon as Pope Honorius was dead and buried, the four Cardinal-Bishops held a secret 'election' of Cardinal Gregory of S. Angelo in Pescheria. Bishop Hubert makes it seem as though the Electoral Committee were meeting, though there is no evidence that the three Cardinals who were members of the Committee and who were not present at the death of the pope were summoned or even notified. The Electoral Committee was supposed to meet at S. Adriano, which it never did. It was in fact the custom that the senior Cardinal Bishop, who was Petrus of Porto, and who was not present at the death and funeral of Honorius II, would convene the cardinals for an election—as he had done in 1118—and preside over the nomination of a candidate [Pandulphus Pisanus, in Watterich II, p. 94]. This meeting that did take place at S. Gregorio in 1130 was in fact a partisan meeting, comprised of some ten cardinals in all (or thirteen: H. Bloch Monte Cassino II, 946):

De octo personis ad electionem electis, Praenestinus, Sabinensis, P. Rufus, A. Cancellarius quintum Gregorium cardinalem diaconum sancti Angeli, invitum et omnibus modis renitentem, cum religiosis viris episcopis, cardinalibus presbyteris, diaconibus et subdiaconibus in summum Pontificem elegerunt, cum Petro leonis qui erat octavus Petro Pisano sexto et Ionatha remanentibus.

This was contrary to the Electoral Agreement into which all the cardinals had entered only shortly before, while Honorius was still alive, but in the throes of dying. This agreement on the Way of Compromise was forgotten. As Gregorovius puts it (p. 420): "The proceeding was entirely contrary to law, and Gregory's action was altogether uncanonical."

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Canonical?

Gregorovius is quite correct. The canons laid down that there could be no business concerning a papal election until the third day after the death of the pope. This canon had been enacted in the seventh century (A.D. 607), under Pope Bonifatius, in a synod at St. Peter's attended by 72 bishops, 33 Roman priests, deacons, and the entire clergy (Liber Pontificalis, in MGH SS 5, p. 164 ed. Mommsen):

Hic fecit constitutum in ecclesia beati Petri, in quo sederunt episcopi LXXII, presbiteri Romani XXXIII, diaconi et clerus omnis, sub anathemate, ut nullus pontificem viventem aut episcopum civitatis suae praesumat loqui aut partes sibi facere nisi tertio die depositionis eius adunato clero et filiis ecclesiae, tunc electio fiat, et quis quem voluerit habebit licentiam eligendi sibi sacerdotem.

This legislation was not a forgotten artifact of ecclesiastical history either. It was used as a weapon in the complaints about the illegal election of Gregory VII on April 22, 1073.   Cardinal Beno, Cardinal Priest of SS. Silvestri et Martini [MGH SS 6 Libelli 2, pp. 367-368], refers to Boniface III's legislation in his Gesta Romanae Ecclesiae contra Hildebrandum [MGH SS 6 Libelli 2, p. 370]:

Alexandro papa iuxta vespertinam horam defuncto, eadem die a laicis contra canones electus est. Sed cardinales non subscripserunt in electione eius: sub anathemate enim canones precipount neminem eligi in sedem Romani pontificis ante diem tertium post sepulturam ipsius predicessoris. Postquam aliunde ascendit, a consilio removit cardinales sacrae sedis.

And Gregory VII himself admits what the canonical tradition was in his Epistle 1, to Desiderius of Montecassino, written on April 24, 1073: there was a wait of three days between the death of a pope and the beginning of the Election and there were definite ceremonies [Baronius-Pagi 17, sub anno 1073, no. xx; Jaffé, Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum 2, p. 10-11; JL 4772]:

Nam in morte ejus, primo quidem Romanus populus contra morem ita quievit et in manu nostra consilii froena dimisit ut evidenter apparereret, ex Dei misericordia hoc provenisse. Unde accepto consilio hoc statuimus, ut post triduanum jejunium, post Litanias et multorum orationem eleemosynis conditam, divino fulti auxilio statueremus, quod de electione Romani Pontificis videretur melius. Sed subito, cum praedictus dominus noster Papa in Ecclesia Salvatoris sepultura traderetur, ortus est magnus tumultus populi et fremitus, et in me quasi vesani insurrexerunt, nil consulendi facultatis, aut spacii relinquentes, violentis manibus me in locum Apostolici regiminis, cui longe impar sum, rapuerunt.

At the Election of 1118, in which Gelasius II was elected, before the electoral process even began, there was an informational meeting held at the Vatican Basilica, summoned by several lawyers, during which a trained reader ascended the pulpit and spoke at some length about the various decrees regulating the election of a pope [Alibrandi, Studi e documenti di storia e diritto 8 (Roma 1887), 208]:

Magister Guarnerius de Bononia et plures legis periti populum romanum ad eligendum Papam convenit, et quidam expeditus lector in pulpito s. Petri per prolixam orationem decreta Pontificum de substituendo Papa explicavit.

It seems clear that the canons were generally known, and had even been discussed in a meeting in the presence of the general public. There was no ignorance of the law.

The irregularity of the proceedings in 1130 was noted by Teulfus, the chronicler of the Chronicon Mauriniacense (Migne, Patrologiae 180, column 157):

Anno Incarnationis Domini nostri Jesu Christi 1129, Honorius II, qui post Calixtum papam super cathedram Petri sederat, Romae in ecclesia beati Andreae, quam apud clivum Aemilii Scauri beatus ac praecipuus doctor magnus Gregorius suis sumptibus aedificavit, defunctus est. Cardinales, qui cum cancellario inibi aderant, et Honorio infirmanti assederant, Gregorium quemdam scientia ac religione praeclarum sibi praeficiunt, et nimis festinatner, ut a quibusdam dicitur, pontificalibus induunt insignibus.

In both the cases of 1073 and 1130 it was the abandonment of the canonical procedures that brought about an irregular election, and thereby caused schism. Pope Coelestinus II (Guido di Città di Castello), in a letter to Abbot Peter and the monks of Cluny (November 6, 1143) is careful to note that Innocent II (unlike Honorius II, in whose hasty double burial he had participated) was buried with full honors with a very large crowd of clergy and people in attendance, and that he himself was elected on the third day after the death of Innocent II [Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum 21, 592; Migne, Patrologiae 179, p. 766; JL 8435=5978]:

Notum facimus dilectioni vestrae quod Domino nostro bonae memoriae papa Innocentio, VIII Kal. Octobris defuncto, et in Lateranensi ecclesia cum maximo cleri ac populi Romani frequentia tumulato, cardinales presbyteri et diaconi, una cum fratribus nostris episcopis et subdiaconis, clero ac populo Romano acclamante, partim et expetente, tertia die in ipsa ecclesia unanimi voto et pari consensu, me indignum, et prorsus tanti officii imparem, nescio quo Dei judicio, in Romanum pontificem concorditer elegerunt.

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To return to the election of 1130. Bishop Hubert, whose information is all second-hand, is also misinformed (or lying) as to the cardinals present and participating. In fact the cardinals who supported the election of Gregory Papareschi were a minority of the Sacred College. The names of Cardinal Gregory's supporters (NOT his electors), a total of sixteen, are given by an 'anonymous' manuscript in the Vatican Library [Baronius-Theiner 18, sub anno 1130, no. 3; in fact the author is Cardinal Boso.]:

Magna in Urbe discordia facta; nam episcopi et cardinales se in duas partes diviserunt, sed melior et sanior pars cum eodem Innocentio, qui majoribus studiis et meritis juvabatur adhaesit; omnes subscripti cum ipso constanter steterunt

But Cardinal Petrus Pisanus was present, and he provides an eyewitness view of what happened, placing the responsibility on the shoulders of Cardinal Aymeric, the Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church (Watterich II, 188):

Sicque non cooperto corpore, contempto ipsorum eorundem iuramento et anathemate, Aymerici, quondam cancellarii, dolis et astutiis ebriati cum nimia festinantia, sicut inter se condixerant, fraudulenter conveniunt, non convocatis neque interrogatis fratribus, contradicente cardinali sanctae Susannae Petro Pisano, qui tunc aderat, seorsum, sicut scriptum est, colligentes se ad altare aliud in tenebris, et maledictionis titulum erigere volentes, diaconum sancti Angeli sibi in simulacrum et in idolum zeli ausu temerario fabricaverunt.

In fact, Cardinal Peter states that Aymeric had not called together the Electoral Committee nor had he put the question to the Cardinals— to which Cardinal Peter made objection. Nonetheless, the enthronement of Cardinal Gregory of S. Angelo in Pescheria went forward at the Monastery of Andrew and St. Gregory. No sooner was this accomplished than the corpse of the dead pope was exhumed, and a procession brought both the deceased Pontiff and his successor to St. John Lateran. The enthronement there took place as soon as the body of Pope Honorius was placed in a cheap tomb without a proper cover:

... quorundam laicorum paucitas subito de sepulcro abstractum mortuun Papam ante plasmatum idolum, a saepe nominato monasterio sancti Gregorii diffugiens, Lateranum deduxit, ita ut in basilicam Salvatoris mortuus et vivus simul intrarent; ibique corpore Pontificis non selpulto, immo in vilis tumili angustia sine cooperimento et obsequio male deposito, fabricatum idolum ad papatia miserrima festinatione deduxit.

The public adoration of a new pope should have taken place at St. Peter's Basilica, but the neighborhood in which that venerable shrine lay was in the hands of the enemies of his supporters, Aymeric the Chancellor and the Frangipane and Corsi.  It may be remembered tha the Frangipane had been the leaders of the uncanonical election of Honorius II in 1124. Most of the many authors who support the legitimacy of Innocent II decline to discuss the reason for the unseemly haste in conducting the Election within an hour or two of the pope's death.

Gregory the Cardinal Deacon of S. Angelo was ordained a priest (and presumably consecrated bishop) on the next Saturday, February 22 (Feast of St. Peter's Chair, a delicious irony), and crowned the next day, Sunday, February 23, at Santa Maria Nova (Annales Marganenses: Watterich II, 190)—the well-fortified monastic church next to the fortifications of the Frangipane on the south side of the Palatine Hill. St. Peter's Basilica was unavailable to Gergory/Innocent, since Pope Anacletus II was being crowned there on the same day.

Election of Petrus Petri Leonis

On the morning of February 14, between 8:00 and 9:00 a.m (circa horam tertiam: Watterich II, 182), while the burial of Honorius II and the enthronement of Innocent II were taking place at the Lateran Basilica, the majority of the Cardinals, the clergy and people of Rome, led by the senior Cardinal Bishop, Petrus of Porto, were gathering at S. Marco at the foot of the Campidoglio (now next to the Palazzo Venezia), expecting to hear of the death of Pope Honorius and intending to do him the honor of a solemn funeral, in accordance with the traditions of the Roman Church (Watterich II, 189). San Marco was a convenient assembly place for the magistrates, people and clergy of the City near the seat of Government on the Capitoline, with an interior space large enough to accommodate a large meeting [ right ]. It was also near the home of Petrus Leonis at S. Niccolò in Carcere:

Ceterum exceptis quinque, suum Papam habere volentibus, priores cardinales cum reliquis cardinalibus, ad quos cum clero Romani Pontificis spectat electio, diacones cum subdiaconibus et cunctis ecclesiae Romanae ordinibus, archipresbyteri, abbates, cum omni Romanae urbis clero et populo, qui apud sanctum Marcum convenerant, obitum Papae expectantes, ut eum, sicuti mos est, antiquam iuxta Romani ordinis normam honorifice sepelirent....

It was there that they heard that Pope Honorius was already dead and buried. They therefore proceeded—between 11:00 and noon (hora sexta: Watterich II, 182)— to the election of a new Pontiff, with Cardinal Peter, Bishop of Porto carrying out the electoral function. He chose (eligit) Cardinal Petrus Petri Leonis (Pierleone), the Cardinal Priest of S. Calixtus, who took the name Anacletus II. Falco of Benevento (Migne Patrologiae Latinae 173, column 1203) has a reasonably accurate account of what happened:

Eodem anno dominus papa Honorius medio mense Februario viam universae carnis ingressus est ad Dominum: et dominus Innocentius electus est, post quem Innocentium die ipso ad horam tertiam Petrus Portuensis episcopus Petrum filium Petri Leonis elegit pro Anacleto. Deinde Innocentii illius electionem damnantes, Anacleti pontificis electionem confirmabant. Cumque Leo Frangenspanem, qui partem Innocentii sequebatur, electionem Anacleti audivisset, coepit Romanos cives fideles suos et amicos exhortari ut ejus faverent auxilio. Inde Leo germanus praefati Anacleti, aerario aperto, totum fere populum Romanum rogavit, ut juxta vires fratris electionem tueretur, quod et factum est.

After Cardinal Peter chose Petrus Petri Leonis as his candidate, those assembled condemned the election of Innocent and confirmed the election of Anacletus. After Leo Frangipane heard about the election, he began to raise his supporters to support himself and Innocent. It was then (not before, during the night or early in the morning) that Leo Pierleone, the brother of the new Pope Anacletus began to use money to encourage the Roman People to support his brother's election.

Fourteen Cardinals, who were present and gave their consent to the Bishop of Porto's choice, signed the Electoral Decree of Petrus Petri Leonis. Anacletus was eventually joined by Aegidius, Bishop of Tusculum, Desiderius Sanctae Praxedis, Lictefredus Sancti Vitalis, Petrus of S. Adriano, and Comes (Conte) Sanctae Sabinae, who were not present at the election. According to the anonymous Vatican manuscript quoted by Baronius [Annales Ecclesiastici 18,sub anno 1130 no. 3], which he takes to be a reliable contemporary document,

Tres vero ex illis, qui adversae parti adhaeserunt, Desiderius Sanctae-Praxedis, Godefredus Sancti-Vitalis, et R. S. Sabinae, ad pap. Innocentium sunt conversi....

It is, however, a highly partisan document in favor of Innocent II, and highly inaccurate and misleading. There was no Godefredus of San Vitale; his name was Lictefredus, and he subscribed documents for Anacletus II in April, 1130; he does appear among signatories of Innocent's documents, beginning on December 21, 1133 and continuing until May of 1140 (probably the year of his death: his successor, Thomas, signs on April 11, 1141). Desiderius of Santa Prassede, too, signed for Anacletus in April 1130, but he does not appear among Innocent's signatories until April 22, 1138, after the death of Anacletus and the resignation of Victor IV and the end of the schism. There is no R. of Santa Sabina; the Cardinal Priest of S. Sabina was Comes, who also signed documents for Anacletus in April of 1130, and who was succeeded by Amatus, after March 21, 1135 (JR 8431). Innocent had no cardinal of Santa Sabina as a signatory until April 22, 1138 (Cardinal Stancius)—and again, that is after the end of the schism. The evidence that exists, therefore—and it must be treated with caution since so little of the documentation of Anacletus' pontificate survives—does not support the sweeping generalities of the anonymous Vatican fragment of Baronius.   Only Lictefredus (and not Godefredus) can be shown to have left the party of Anacletus and gone over to the party of Innocent, and then not for nearly three years. His motives are completely unknown. The evidence actually shows that at the time of the election of 1130 and for some considerable time afterward, these three cardinals were partisans of Anacletus, not of the uncanonical Gregory Papareschi. The anonymous Vatican document cannot be quite as contemporary as Baronius imagines, or as authoritative.

Onuphrio Panvinio, who had access to the Vatican Archives on a regular basis as a Scriptor, states in his Epitome Pontificum Romanorum (Venetiis 1557), pp. 105-106, that twenty-four cardinals eventually joined the Obedience of Anacletus II (Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum p. 599). Indeed, it might appear that all the cardinals who were not present at either election chose for the Obedience of Anacletus II. That is an important point: these cardinals needed to choose a side, and investigating the situation of the double election, they all opted for Anacletus. Their action is much more important than the ravings of a passel of French monks.

Special effort is made in the Electoral Decree of Petrus Petri Leonis to make clear that the Bishops of Todi and Sutri, the clergy of Rome (to a number of more than three hundred), and the laity of Rome were present and gave consent to the Election, in contrast to the nocturnal goings-on of Cardinal Gregory's election:

Anno dominicae incarnationis millesimo centesimo XXX, indictione VIII, mensis februarii, die XIIII, convenientibus nobis in unum, ut moris est, id est sacerdotibus et levitis et reliquo clero et generali militia ac civium universitate et cuncta generalitate istius a deo conservandae Romanae urbis in personam domni. P. huius apostolicae sedis Romanae ecclesiae cardinalis presbiteri tituli Calisti, deo cooperante beatorum apostolorum intercessione, concurrit atque consensit electio.

The coronation of Anacletus II took place at St. Peter's Basilica on Sunday, February 23. It is said by his enemies that the forces of Cardinal Pietro Petri Leonis (Pierleone) attacked the Basilica of St. Peter and seized its many treasures. That is so, in the sense that the new Pope took possession of the Vatican Basilica and all the treasures of the Holy Roman Church, inasmuch as he was their legitimate custodian and was empowered by his office to use them to the advantage of the Church. This is a case of suppressio veri, suggestio falsi. There is no evidence brought forward by his enemies that Cardinal Pietro was resisted by the Canons of St. Peter's or by the officials of the Apostolic Camera or by the Roman Curia. Invective is all that his opponents can produce. Indeed the only people who resisted Anacletus II were the Frangipani, as the same source, the anonymous manuscript of the Vatican [Baronius-Raynaldus, no. 3, p. 416] admits: "Talibus ergo tantisque mercibus inique dotatus, majorem venalis Urbis partem emere studuit, corrumpens vulgus etiam ita sibi astrinxit, ut praeter Frangipanum et Corsorum munitiones, papa Innocentius nullum in Urbe subsidium haberet." The fact was that Innocent completely lacked the support of the people of Rome from the beginning. They had not been consulted in his elevation, and had not been asked to approve his election, and did not attend his coronation.

The Cardinals who were loyal to Pope Anacletus II, wrote a letter to the German King Lothar on the day after the coronation [Watterich II, 185-186; P. F. Palumbo, Lo scisma del MCXXX (Roma 1942) 652; Mario da Bergamo, "La duplice elezione", 283-289; W. von Petke (editor), Regesta Imperii, IV,1,1: Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Lothar III. und Konrad II. Teil 1. Lothar III. 1125 (1075)-1137 (Munich 1994) no. 234], pointing out the lies that were circulating and leading toward schism, propter quorundam hominum dolosa figmenta et mendacia venenosa, qui Dei ecclesiam scindere et simplicium animas evertere moliuntur.

The Cardinals (and two suffragan bishops) who signed the letter as loyal supporters of Pope Anacletus were:

Falco of Benevento continues his story (Migne Patrologiae Latinae 173, column 1203-1204). In March, Pope Anacletus asked the people of Benevento to swear fealty. Innocent II, however, having taken counsel in the light of the civil war in the city of Rome, fled to France:

Anno Dominicae Incarnationis 1130, mense Martio VIII indictionis. Cum praedictus Anacletus electus fuisset, Beneventanis mandavit qualiter ipse electus fuisset, et ut Beneventani sibi faceret fidelitatem. Praefatus igitur Innocentius consecratus pontifex, videns populi Romani divisiones et civilia bella quotidie oriri, consolio habito, ultra montes perrexit ad regem quidem Francorum et ad alios Romanae Sedis fideles, qui honeste et diligenti cura ab eis susceptus est.

Though still in Rome as late as May 11, Innocent II was finally driven out of Rome by the Roman people, once the Frangipane changed sides (as authorized by the Constitution of Pope Nicholas II, cited by Gratian: "Si quis pecunia", c.2. D.79) :

Si quis pecunia vel gratia humana, vel populari seu militari tumultu, sine concordi et canonica electione ac benedictione cardinalium episcoporum, ac deinde sequentium ordinum religiosorum clericorum fuerit apostolicae sedi inthronizatus, non Apostolicus sed apostaticus habeatur, liceatque cardinalibus episcopis cum religiosis et Deum timentibus clericis et laicis invasorem etiam cum anathemate et humano auxilio et studio a sede apostolica repellere, et quem dignum iudicaverint praeponere. Quod si hoc intra Urbem perficere nequiverint, nostra auctoritate apostolica congregati in loco, qui eis placuerit, eligant quem digniorem et utiliorem apostolicae sedi perspexerint, concessa ei auctoritate regendi et disponendi res et utilitatem sanctae Romanae ecclesiae, secundum quod ei melius videbitur, iuxta qualitatem temporis, quasi iam omnino inthronizatus sit.

A letter of Anacletus himself indicates that this had been accomplished by May 15, and that the Roman nobility was now solidly behind him. By June 20, Innocent was residing in Pisa, publishing very uncomplimentary remarks about Petrus Petri Leonis. He finally moved on to France (that repeated haven of expelled pontiffs). Both he and Anacletus began to appeal to the Emperor (King Lothar III) for recognition of their claims. With the help of S. Bernard of Clairvaux' reputation, influence and pen, Innocent's version of events became the accepted history of the Election of 1130 throughout Europe. St. Bernard is at his most revealing when he remarks (Migne Patrologiae 182, 294): Iudaicam subolem sedem Petri in Christi occupare iniuriam. This, no doubt, was a principal theme in the propaganda against the Roman pope (See Gregorovius, pp. 415 and nn. 1 and 2; 416 and n. 1; Palumbo, La scisma, xiv-xv, 54, 95; Stroll, The Jewish Pope, pp. 156-178, especially 164-167 and 172). Bernard's standard for his choice of Innocent is expressed in Epistle 124: Funiculus triplex difficile rumpitur (Ecclesiastes 4, 12.) Electio meliorum, approbatio plurium, et, quod his efficacius est, morum attestatio, Innocentium apud omnes commendant, summum confirmant pontificem. Bernard was making up the rules as he wrote, and ignoring the historical facts.

As early as 1133, Anacletus II appealed to a general council to decide the issue of legitimacy between himself and Innocent. In the meantime, however, Innocent, accompanied by King Lothar and his army, was brought back to Rome and installed at the Lateran on April 30, 1133 (Annals of Hildesheim, MGH SS III, p. 115) But in September he was at Siena, and in November back in Pisa, unable to hold his chair in Rome due to universal disdain on the part of the Roman Church and People. Finally, on May 30, 1135, at a highly partisan assembly engineered by Innocent, the Council of Pisa ratified the election of Innocent II and hurled excommunications at Anacletus and all who had been ordained or consecrated by him, as well as at Roger of Sicily and anyone who helped him in his war against King Lothar (Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum 21, columns 483-492; JL pp. 865-866). This was the price demanded of Innocent for Lothar' support: the surrender of territory under the feudal suzerainty of the Church of Rome into the hands of the German Emperor (Gregorovius, 434-436), and the reversal of papal policy toward the Norman kingdom in southern Italy. Innocent, however, continued to reside in Pisa until March of 1137. He then followed Lothar's armies in the war against the Norman Kingdom of Sicily (as Anacletus followed the Norman armies, from 1134 to 1137), and was again brought back to Roman territory by military force. He arrived in Tiburtine territory on October 3, 1137, and finally reached Rome along with the King of Germany on November 1.

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Pietro Pierleoni, the Cardinal of S. Callisto in Trastevere, had been educated in Paris and had been a monk at Cluny. He had been appointed originally as Cardinal Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano (around 1112, according to Hüls, Kardinale, Klerus und Kirche, p. 225 no. 2—with an incorrect citation; cf. Stroll, p. 12 n. 6—who prefers the date of 1113, but also does not cite the actual documents). Petrus Petri Leonis subscribes on March 24, 1116 [JL 6517]). He was advanced to S. Maria in Trastevere, titulus Callisti, by Callistus II in June, 1120 [Hüls, Kardinale, Klerus und Kirche, pp. 189-190]. He was sent as Legatus a latere to England (1122) and to France [Migne, Patrologiae 163, 1297: September 30, 1123] to enforce rules of ecclesiastical discipline. He was sent a second time, along with Cardinal Gregorio Papareschi, to France, during which visit he met S. Bernard of Clairvaux. He presided at four synods, in Chartres, Beauvais, and Vienne. He and his family were strong supporters of Pope Callistus II (1119-1124) and great opponents of the Frangipani. He was back in Rome by May of 1125.

Bishop Guido of Arezzo, who was in Rome during the last week of Honorius' life and for a time thereafter, remarked on the position of Petrus Petri Leonis in the City: "Miror et satis, cum tot sapientes et nobilissimi et summi viri sint in urbe Roma, quod quocies ipsi sua colloquia mirabiliter celebrant, et in eis maiestative concionant, mox ut Petrus Leonis accedit, omnes obnubiliantur et liquefiunt." His nuntius replied: "Eius gratiae Petrus Leonis est Romae, ut ad illius nutum tota Roma taceat, et tota loquatur." [Loewenfeld, Neues Archiv 11 (1886), 597; Stroll, The Jewish Pope, 145-146]. Obviously he was a person of consequence in Rome, and people listened to his opinions.

After a reign of seven years, eleven months and twenty-two days, Anacletus II died, on January 25, 1138 (Falco of Benevento: Watterich II, 247).   Peter, the Deacon of Montecassino wrote (Watterich II, 248):

Eo etiam tempore Petrus filius Petri Leonis humanis rebus exemptus diem clausit extremum et in loco illius fautores eius Gregorium cardinalem tituli Apostolorum sibi praeficientes Victorem [IV] appellari decernunt. Innocentius autem immensa in filios Petri Leonis et in his qui eis adhaerebant pecunia profligata illos ad suam partem attraxit, sicque cardinales, qui iam dicto filio Petri Leonis communicaverant, omni auxilio destituti Innocentii vestigiis advolvuntur, sacramento a parte illius prius accepto, ne illos officio privaret, ne bonis diminueret.

Pope Anacletus was burried secretly, no doubt out of fear of the sort of posthumous revenge that popes sometimes took against their rivals (cf. the case of Pope Formosus).

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September 9, 2021 7:58 PM

©2011 John Paul Adams, CSUN
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