John Paul Adams, CSUN
john.p.adams@csun.edu
:
P. Jaffé, Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, V., Monumenta Bambergensia #240:
In nomine domini nostri Jesu Christi.
Anno dominicae incarnationis millesimo centesimo XXX, indictione VIII, mensis februarii, die XIIII, convenientibus nobis in unum, ut moris est, id est sacerdotibus et levitis et reliquo clero et generali militia ac civium universitate et cuncta generalitate istius a deo conservandae Romanae urbis in personam domni. P. huius apostolicae sedis Romanae ecclesiae cardinalis presbiteri tituli Calisti, deo cooperante beatorum apostolorum intercessione, concurrit atque consensit electio. Cuius decretum sollempniter facientes et desideria cordium circa eius electionem manuum subscriptionibus confirmantes profitemur ipsum deo amabilem nostrum electum castum pudicum sobrium ac benignum et in omnibus piis operibus assuetum atque orthodoxae fidei et sanctorum patrum traditionum defensorem et fortissimum observatorem. Hunc itaque omnes utpote tam mitissimum tamque deo dignum unanimiter nobis elegimus in pastorem atque pontificem. Unde ob eius piae conversationis magnitudinem immensas redemptori nostro gratiarum laudes referimus, consona cum propheta canentes voce: Magnus es, domine deus noster, magnaque virtus tua. Quis enim loquetur potentias tuas, domine, et auditas faciet laudes clementiae tuae, quoniam petentium te vota exaudiens pium nobis cotulisti pastorem, qui canctam tuam universalem ecclesiam ac cunctas dominicas et rationales oves sibi commissas regere atque gubernare te domino deo et salvatore nostro protegente valeat. Proinde, dilectissimi fratres, ut haec apostolica , immo omnis universalis ecclesia in toto orbe diffusa se universalem patrem et pastorem laetetur et exultet habere, in promotione summi pontificis dilectissima fraternitas vestra absque tarditate diligentiam adhibeat. Hoc autem a nobis decretum factum et manuum nostrarum sicut praelibatum est subscriptionibus roboratum in archivo sanctae nostrae Romanae ecclesiae, scilicet in sacro lateranensi scrinio pro futuri temporis cautela recondi fecimus.
Ego Petrus Portuensis episcopus consensi et subscripsi.
Ego Gregorius presbiter cardinalis tituli sanctorum apostolorum Philippi et Jacobi consensi et subscripsi.
Saxo cardinalis tituli sancti Stephani consensi et subscripsi.
Petrus cardinalis tituli sancti Marcelli consensi et subscripsi.
Comes cardinalis tituli sanctae Sabinae consensi et subscripsi.
Gregorius cardinalis tituli sanctae Balbinae consensi et subscripsi.
Crescentius cardinalis tituli sanctorum Marcellini et Petri consensi et subscripsi.
Lictefridus cardinalis tituli sancti Vitalis consensi et subscripsi.
Petrus Pisanus cardinalis tituli sanctae Susannae consensi et subscripsi.
Matheus cardinalis tituli sancti apostoli Petri ad vincula consensi et subscripsi.
Heinricus cardinalis sanctarum Aquilae et Priscae consensi et subscripsi.
Gregorius cardinalis diaconus sancti Eustachii et prior consensi et subscripsi.
Jonathas cardinalis diaconus sanctorum Cosmae et Damiani consensi et subscripsi.
Angelus cardinalis diaconus sanctae Mariae in Dominica consensi et su[bscripsi]
Otto Sutrinus episcopus consensi et subscripsi.
Otto Tudertinus episcopus consensi et subscripsi.
De scola basilicae quinque sibdiaconi.
De scola crucis duo subdiaconi.
De scola cantorum Gregorius primicerius cum quinque clericis.
De basilica sancti Petri, de ecclesia sanctae Mariae transpadina, item de ecclesia sanctorum apostolorum, de ecclesia sancti Andreae itemque sanctae Mariae xenodochiae, item sancti Andreae infra duos ortos, sanctae Mariae de Cannella, sancti Blasii, sancti Salvatoris, de ecclesia sanctae Mariae in Aquiro, sanctae Mariae de curte, sanctae Mariae de Guinizzo et de diversis sanctorum ecclesiis archipresbiteri, presbiteri, diaconi, subdiaconi et clerici ducenti nonaginata sex.
An 'anonymous' manuscript in the Vatican Library [Baronius-Theiner 18, sub anno 1130, no. 3] gives a list of the supporters of Innocent II:
Magna in Urbe discordia facta; nam episcopi et cardinales se in duas partes diviserunt, sed melior et sanior pars cum eodem Innocentio, qui majoribus studiis et meritis juvabatur adhaesit; omnes subscripti cum ipso constanter steterunt
Tres vero ex illis qui adversae parti adhaesit, Desiderius Sanctae Praxedis, Godefredus Sancti Vitalis et R[obertus] Sanctae Sabinae, ad papam Innocentium sunt conversi, Petrus autem Leonis cum sectatoribus suis humilitatem Innocentii parvipendens, non posuit Deum adjutorem sibi, sed speravit in multitudine divitiarum, in potentia parentum, in fortitudine munitionum, et hostiliter fecit aggredi domos Frangipanum, in quibus Innocentius se receperat cum suis fratribus....
According to Onuphrio Panvinio, Epitome Pontificum Romanorum (Venetiis 1557), twenty-four cardinals followed Anacletus II (pp. 105-106), seventeen followed Innocent II [Gregory, Cardinal Deacon of S. Angelo] (p. 100). The anonymous Vaticanus writes that the party of Innocent/Gregory was better and more sane, but not that it was larger. In fact it was a minority.
According to a letter written to St. Norbert of Magdeburg by Hubert, Bishop of Lucca, the original plan, conceived as the pope was dying, was to provide a successor to Pope Honorius by the use of the Way of Compromise. Eight cardinals were to have formed the committee of election. But five Cardinal-Bishops held a secret rump election at S. Gregorio in Clivo Scauri (to which the church of S. Andrew was attached), contrary to the canons, in the middle of the night of 13/14 February, 1130, as soon as Pope Honorius was dead. This 'election' of Innocent was announced in the morning.
Convenientibus cardinalibus in ecclesia sancti Andreae Apostoli, statutum est ab eis octo personis, duobus episcopis: Guillelmo Praenestino et C(onrado) Sabinensi; tribus cardinalibus presbyteris: P(ietro) Pisano, P(ietro) Rufo, et Petro Leonis; tribus cardinalibus diaconibus: Gregorio sancti Angeli, Ionathe, Aimerico cancellario; electionem Pontificis committi, ita ut si commiteret, dominum Papam Honorium, qui tunc in articulo mortis positus erat, ab hac vita transire, persona, quae ab eis communis eligeretur vel a parte sanioris consilii, ab omnibus pro domino et Romano Papa susciperetur.
It was, in fact, a coup d' état, engineered by the Chancellor, Cardinal Haimeric, to the benefit of the Frangipane faction in the city. This was a repetition of the electoral violence of 1124, also led by Aymeric the Chancellor, which had forced the legitimately elected Pope Celestine II to resign, and brought Lamberto of Ostia to the throne as Honorius II. In this election of 1130, however, the clergy and people of Rome stood with Pope Anacletus and rejected the candidate of the Frangipane, "Innocent II". Innocent and his followers were forced to flee the city, intending to retreat to France. Only Cardinal Conrad, Bishop of Sabina, a native Roman and the nephew of Pope Honorius II, was left as Innocent's Vicar of Rome.
Pietro Pierleoni, the Cardinal of S. Callisto in Trastevere, had been educated in Paris and had been a monk at Cluny. He and his family were strong supporters of Pope Callistus II (Guy of Burgundy, 1119-1124) and great opponents of the Frangipani.
Arnulfi Sagiensis, Episcopus Sexoviensis, "Tractatus de schismate orto post Honorii II papae decessum," Antonio Muratori (editor), Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus III, pars 1, pp. 423-432. [pro-Innocent].
Bernardus Guidonis, "Vita Innocentii Papae II," Antonio Muratori (editor), Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus III, pars 1, pp. 432-434.
Pandulphus Pisanus, "Vita Innocentii Papae II," Antonio Muratori (editor), Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus III, pars 1, pp. 432-434. José Maria March, Liber Pontificalis prout extat in codice manuscripto Dertusensi (Barcelona 1925) [This is the original version of Pandulphus Pisanus. The biographies were hitherto available only in an expurgated version by Petrus William, a Cistercian, ca. 1142, working in the interest of the party of Innocent II].
Cardinalis Aragonius, "Vita Innocentii Papae II," Antonio Muratori (editor), Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus III, pars 1, pp. 434-436.
Caesaris S. R. E. Cardinalis Baronii, Od. Raynaldi et Jac. Laderchii Annales Ecclesiastici denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augusto Theiner Tomus Octavusdecimus 1094-1146 (Barri-Ducis: Ludovicus Guerin 1869), pp 415-452. [Baronius-Theiner]
Richard Zöpffel, Die Papstwahlen und die mit ihnen im Zusammenhange stehenden Ceremonien von 11.-14. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen 1871), 267-395. E. Muhlbacher, Die streitige Papstwahl des Jahres 1130 (Innsbruck 1876).
F. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume IV. 2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1896) [Book VIII chapter 3], pp. 412-429.
P. Kehr, "Diploma purpureo di re Roggero II per la casa Pierleoni," Archivio della società romana di storia patria 24 (1901), 253-258 . P. Fedele, "Le famiglie di Anacleto II e di Gelasio II," Archivio della società romana di storia patria 27 (1904), 399-440.
John Paul Adams, CSUN
john.p.adams@csun.edu