Border Studies

  • Benavides interview El Pastor with Molly Molloy

Oral Histories

The Border Studies Collection examines the issues surrounding the border between the United States and Mexico. Through photographic collections, oral histories, manuscripts, videos, newspaper archives and guest lectures issues such as immigration, human rights, globalization, and economic violence are examined. The Border Studies oral histories encompasses multiple perspectives on the current issues in the border cities and the climate in Mexico. See clips of interviews on our YouTube Channel.

The project Journalists focuses on the experience of journalist and photojournalist in border cities. Photojournalist Julián Cardona donated his collection of over 17,000 images to the Institute which is being made available online. Cardona speaks about his internationally recognized work documenting transnational economic violence in Mexico, the resulting exodus of Mexican communities, and the emergence of the new Americans in the Unites States.

Journalist Sandra Rodríguez Nieto discuses her career as an investigative reporter for El Diario de Juárez. She expounds on the devastating effect that crime has had on Juárez and on the dangers and challenges that a journalist encounters in Mexico.

Mexicanos en Exilio (Mexicans in Exile), an organization in El Paso, was founded by Carlos Spector and his wife, Sandra Spector. The nonprofit, the first of its kind, raises funds for trauma counseling, housing, and other refugee needs, as well as arranging speaking tours so that asylum recipients can educate U.S. residents about the realities of the drug war.

Within the series:

Carlos Spector is the most successful U.S. political asylum attorney for Mexicans seeking justice. Spector speaks about the real impact of the "War on Drug" on the Mexican communities in the Mexico-US border region, terrorized by drug cartels, Mexican military and the police, and an economic model designed to destroy their economic survival.

Saúl Reyes Salazar, human rights activist, was a baker in Mexico until the violence of the drug cartels let to the loss of six family members. In 2009 his nephew, Julio César Reyes, was killed while the military was merely 300 feet away. The following year his sister, Josefina Reyes, was killed after protesting her son’s death. The family continued to protest and Reyes Salazar’s brother, Rubén, was killed. His other brother Elías, his sister Malena and sister-in-law Luisa were kidnapped later. The remaining family demanded that their family be found alive. In response, they received harassment and accusations of being involved in criminal activity. Their unending search for justice resulted in the burning of their homes in Guadalupe. Soon afterward the bodies of the three kidnapped victims appeared. The family sought asylum from Carlos Spector after receiving threats. See the article "Drug War a Ruse for Human Rights Violations by Mexican Government."

Community Organization Leaders highlights the work of José Antonio Galván, known as "El Pastor." El Pastor lived with his family in Los Angeles for 16 years where her learned to operator a crane. He was rough, getting into fights, and doing lots of drugs and alcohol. Eventually he went to prison and was deported to Juárez where he became a drug addict. El Pastor was “born again” in 1985 and began preaching. In 1986 he founded Visión en Acción, taking in the outcasts of society in a city that has limited mental health services. He picks up “crazy” people who have been dumped across the border, who have no one to provide care, bringing them to his alyssum. He and his staff provide shelter and care for the mentally ill and people suffering from various additions in Juárez. Continue below to see the full list of interviews.

For access to transcripts, audio and other materials please visit the Licensing & Publication page or contact the Center.

Border Studies Project:

 

Journalists

For more sample clips of interviews with journalists, go here.

Cardona, Julián (1960- )
Interviewer: K. Kirkton & Molly Molloy
Date: 2012
Status: Transcribed, eng
Julián Cardona lives and works in Ciudad Juárez. He started his photojournalism career at El Fronterizo and El Diario de Juárez.

audio  Clip 1: Julián Cardona discusses the existence of a growing underworld parallel State in Mexico, formed and operated by government officials in the formal Mexican State.

audio  Clip 2: Cardona discusses the shanty towns (Colonias) along the border and the poor conditions of the people in the maquiladoras. Fires are a common problem in the Colonias leading to the destruction of many homes.

audio  Clip 3: Cardona illuminates his investigation into the fee smugglers are paid to take people across the border into the US. Local officers in Mexico collect “bites” off the payment the smugglers are paid.

audio  Clip 4: Cardona explains the relationship between reporters and police sources during the shifts of power.

 

Bowden, Charles (1945- )
Interviewer: Benavides, J. L
Date: 2013
Status: Not transcribed, eng
Bowden has authored several books on the violence occurring on the border between the United States and Mexico, focusing on Ciudad Juárez. Benavides and Bowden discuss the factors that led to his decision to start writing about the atrocities that Mexico’s powerful and, well-connected, elite carry out against the poor citizens of the country. At the forefront of his decision were the local street photographers that he encountered during a murder story he was investigating in Juárez in 1995.  Bowden continues to tell the true story of why such an overwhelming amount of violence exists in Juárez. View the interview here.


 
Gutiérrez Soto, Emilio
Interviewer: J.L. Benavides
Date: 2012
Status: Not transcribed, Spa
In 2008 Mexican journalist Emilio Gutiérrez Soto sought asylum with his son in the U.S. At the border he was separated from his son and detained for over seven months. Gutiérrez was a reporter from Ascensión, Chihuahua, and wrote for El Diario de Juárez. Gutierrez fled his home with his son after receiving threats from the Mexican military for his reporting on their alleged mistreatment of residents.  
 
Rodríguez Nieto, Sandra Rocío (1974- )
Interviewer: J.L. Benavides
Date: 2012, 2013
Status: Not transcribed, Spa
Rodriquez Nieto has been an investigative reporter for the newspaper El Diario in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico since 2003. She has written the book La fábrica del crimen(The Factory of Crime).  
Mexicans in Exile (Mexicanos en Exilio)

Mexicans in Exile (Mexicanos en Exilio)

 
Efraín, Chávez
Interviewer: J.L. Benavides
Date: 2016
Status: Not transcribed, Spa 
 
de la Cruz Hernández, Sergio Alejandro (1985- ) & Daniel Vega Hernández (1993- )
Interviewer: J.L. Benavides
Date: 2012
Status: Not transcribed, Spa   
 
López Escajeda, Gloria (1974- )
Interviewer: J.L Benavides
Date: 2013
Status: Not transcribed, Spa   
 
Hernández Pacheco, Alejandro (1969- )
Interviewer: J.L. Benavides
Date: 2013
Status: Not transcribed, Spa
 
Huéramo Reyes, Martín (1967- )
Interviewer: J.L. Benavides
Date: 2013
Status: Not transcribed, Spa 
 
Reyes Salazar, Saúl (1969- )
Interviewer: J.L. Benavidas
Date: 2012
Status: Transcribed, Spa
Reyes Salazar lived as a baker in Mexico until the violence of the drug cartels led to the loss of six family members and his family’s move to the US under political asylum. 
 
Salazar Hernández, Sara (1936- )
Interviewer: J.L. Benavides
Date: 2012
Status: Not transcribed, Spa
Mother of Saúl Reyes Salazar. Six of members of her family have been killed due to violence.
 
Spector, Carlos (1954- )
Interviewer: K. Kirkton
Date: 2012
Status: Transcribed, eng
Carlos Spector, Attorney at law, was one of the first U.S. attorneys to win an asylum claim, for a Mexican political leader in 1991 and has won several notable asylum cases including those of Saul Reyes Salazar and Cipriana Jurado. Spector and his wife Sandra, co-founded an organization in El Paso called Mexicans in Exile.

audio  Clip 1: Spector explains how he must demonstrate asylum. In his cases he must show that there is a fear of persecution and that the individual belongs to a persecuted social group. Spector states the law is beginning to catch up with the realities in many countries of what constitutes a social group. He elaborates on the difficulties of the concept of what a social group is.

audio  Clip 2: Spector discusses the difference between asking for asylum at the border (defensive) versus asking for asylum after one has crossed into the United States (affirmatively). One is more likely to win affirmative asylum under the new Obama regulations. Defensive asylum includes being turned in or caught at the border resulting in being locked up until claims may be proved.

audio  Clip 3: Spector highlights the different groups he is involved with when seeking asylum for his clients. He explains how the groups provide aid and give voice to individuals seeking asylum.

 
Spector, Sandra (1950- )
Interviewer: K. Kirkton
Date: 2012, 2013
Status: Not transcribed, eng
Sandra Spector, a veteran community organizer, co-founded with her husband, Carlos Spector, the organization Mexicans in Exile in El Paso, TX. View clips here.

 

Sandra Spector has an emotional conversation discussing how growing up in a racist community inspired her to fight discrimination and other racial injustices. Together with her husband, attorney Carlos Spector, Sandra fights for the rights of Mexican victims of violence seeking asylum in the United States. The Spectors are founders of the group Mexicans in Exile based in El Paso, helping immigrants from Mexico seeking asylum in the United States.

 
Valles García, Marisol (1989- ) & Martha Valles García (1993- )
Interviewer: J.L. Benavides
Date: 2012
Status: Not transcribed, Spa
Marisol Valles García is the former police of chief of Práxedia G. Guerrero. After receiving threats she left in 2011 and is seeking asylum in the United States with her sister Martha Valles García. 

Contact the Center for a complete list.

Community Organization Leaders

 
Galvan, José Antonio "El Pastor" (1951- )
Interviewer: K. Kirkton, Molly Molloy, & J.L. Benavides
Date: 2013
Status: Transcribed, eng
José Antonio "El Pastor" Galván runs Vision in Action (Visión en Acción), an asylum 20 miles southwest of Ciudad Juárez, providing shelter for mentally ill people. El Pastor became and evangelical preacher after overcoming his own addiction to drugs. View clips here.

El Pastor, José Antonio Galvan, runs Vision in Action, an asylum 20 miles SW of Juárez. He offers shelter to people rescued from the dangerous streets of the city where 8-10 people may be murdered daily and people face various abuses.