Impaired physiological functioning caused by relative energy deficiency, and includes but is not limited to impairments of metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health.
Cause: Low Energy Availability (LEA)
A mismatch between an athlete's energy intake (diet) and the energy expended in exercise, leaving inadequate energy to support the functions required by the body to maintain optimal health and performance.
LEA states may develop at different stages of training and competition due to varying physiological demands.
Prevention
⚫ Requires increased awareness among athletes and their entourage.
⚫ Effective prevention should target individuals beyond athletes and coaches, be gender specific, involve significant others, and include changes to sport regulations, policy measures, and the health care system.
Treatment
⚫ If LEA is due to unintentional undereating, then simple nutritional education may suffice.
⚫ Early involvement of an accredited or appropriately trained expert is recommended to enhance the athlete's nutritional practices.
⚫ Energy deficits should be addressed via modifications of exercise and nutrition practices in both female and male athletes.
⚫ Treatment is typically based on increased food intake but may also acquire changes in food choices, energy spread, and other dietary characteristics.
⚫ Game Days: Half plate of whole grains. Quarter plate of protein. Quarter plate of fruits and veggies.
⚫ A reduction or cessation of exercise may be necessary, depending on the severity of the energy deficit, symptoms, and compliance level.
⚫ Non-compliance with therapy may require removal of the athlete from training/competition.