Sede Vacante 1185

November 25 , 1185

Background

The Romans had an opinion and a voice to explain the hostility between the Emperor Frederick I and Pope Lucius III, and the expulsion of Pope Lucius III from the neighborhood of the City in 1183. The inhabitants of the neighborhood of Tusculum began to refortify the citadel of Tusculum, which had been destroyed earlier by the Roman citizen army. On July 1, 1183, they attacked and besieged the defenders of the fortifications. All who were takien were executed. This brought outside interviention [MGH SS 5, p. 480]:

Est namque ratio, ut dicamus, quare Fredericus Imperator Augustus cum supradicto Lucio Papa vel Romana ecclesia ad discordiam pervenerit. Necesse est, ut ad superiora tempora reddeamus. Causa autem discordie huius ista fuit. Temporibus ipsius Pape Lucie die quadam mane inlucescente Tusculanenses sive habitatores Tusculane, ceperunt fodere carbonaria et construere macerias magnis lapidibus, ubi olim fuit civitas Tusculana a Romanis destrutta. Hec videntes Romani arma aprenderunt et super eos perrexerunt, omnes, quos ibi invenerunt, ad mortem compulerunt, reliquos in roccam Tusculane se inclauserunt. Romani vero papiliones et tentoria ibidem fixerunt et diurtina obsidione cum machinis et aliis bellicis instrumentis ipsam arcem expugnare acreiter ceperunt—in Vigilia Beati Petri Apostoli anno 2 Lucii Tertii Papae, indictione 1 [June 28, 1183]—Cumque diu obsiderent eos et dicti Tusculanenses sitim ac pestilentia laborarent, cum nulla requies pugne die noctuque undique illis daretur, ita ut nemo inde exiret nisi qui forte mori protinus vellet—interea Roma a XXV senatoribus amministrabatur—eo denique tempore memoratus Lucius Papa morabatur in civitate Villetri, inito consilio cum cardinalibus suis ceperunt cogitare, qualiter dictam Tusculanam a Romanorum manibus liberarent, misit nuntios suos senatoribus... [the manuscript breaks off; the rest is lost]

As the siege of the Castle of Tusculum was proceeding, Rome was being ruled by twenty-four Senators [cf. Vitale, Storia diplomatica de' Senatori di Roma I, p. 61; Olivieri, Senato Romano I, p. 170].

Pope Lucius and the Cardinals sent for Archbishop Christian of Mainz, the German Chancellor, who brought a German army to defend Tusculum and harass the Romans [Chronicon Fossae Novae, in Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores 7, 875]. He is said to have brought devastation right up to the gates of Rome [Benedicto of Peterborough, in Watterich II, p. 651]. But on August 25, Archbishop Christian died, poisoned it was said by Roman agents. After the Romans devastated Tusculum, Palliano (April 18, 1184), and other towns of the Roman Campagna, Lucius III left the neighborhood of Rome. The immediate reason , according to the Continuator of the chronicle of Sigibert, was a particularly horrible act directed at the Pope and his cardinals, in contumeliam cardinalium. The triumphant Romans turned their hatred of Lucius III into a general anticlerical attack on the clergy of Latium. They seized a group of clergy of the Campagna and put out the eyes of all but one. They dressed up the unfortunates in the costumes of cardinals (and added placards with the name of each cardinal on a victim), and then sent the whole crew off to the Pope [Continuatio Aquicinctina, sub anno 1184: MGH SS 6, 422; Gregorovius IV. 2, 611]. According to the Continuatio Aquicinctina [MGH SS 6, 422; Watterich II, 656], Cardinalium autem quidam secuti sunt eum; quidam vero, quorum parentes scelus praedictum perpetraverant, in urbe remanserunt. Apparently, to judge from the evidence of subscriptions of papal documents, the five Roman cardinals did not follow him as he fled north.
On April 4, 1184, the papal suite had reached Veroli. On June 7, they were at Ancona, and on July 7 at Bologna. On July 12, 1184, the Pope arrived in Modena, accompanied by ten cardinals and his Curia [Annales Veteres Mutinenses, in Watterich II, 657]. He was received in Verona on July 22. On September 29, 1184, there were at least eleven cardinals at Verona with the Pope [Kehr IP VII. 1, p. 241 no. 32]. There may have been serious dissension within the Sacred College. In September the Emperor Frederick came to Lombardy, first to Milan, then to Pavia, then to Cremona. Finally he came to Verona, around the Octave of St. Michael (according to the Chronicon Placentinum; the feast is on September 29) where he stayed for some time and held talks with the Pope. In one meeting the Emperor held forth on the desirability of forgiving the schismatics who had been installed in various grades and offices in the Church in opposition to Pope Alexander (died 1181). The Pope appeared to respond favorably, indicating that each case should be submitted separately for dispensation. Subsequently, however, the Pope seems to have changed his mind. He made a statement that in a number of cases, dispensation had been granted in a General Council, and that ought to be the procedure to be followed with the Emperor's current requests [Arnoldus Lubecensis, Chronica Slavorum III. 10]:

Quoniam generali concilio, quod Venetiis celebratum est, ubi ipso imperatore praesente dispensatum fuerat, circa Dominum Christianum Moguntinum et ominum Philippum Coloniensem et dominum Mantuanum et alios plures, qui cum ordinatis suis persisterent, hi ab ordinibus suis suspensi fuissent: nulla ratione mutandum id nisi denuo in cardinalium et episcoporum generali collegio.

The Pope announced that he was contemplating holding a council at Lyons to deal with these issues. Arnold of Lubeck attributes the Pope's change of attitude to the influence of Cardinal Konrad of Mainz and the Archbishop of Worms, Konrad von Sternberg. The Imperial position was supported by Cardinal Alberto de Morra. The Germans were outraged at being put off, and by an obvious papal ploy. But when they complained, the Cardinals were thoroughly displeased (quod tamen Cardinalibus valde displicuit): "Ecce quanta est praesumptio Alemannorum, qui gratiam minando quaerunt." What colossal German presumption; they complain by threatening!

Discussions then turned to the inheritance of Countess Mathilda, whose property was in the hands of the Emperor, but whose legal ownership and overlordship belonged to the Pope as a testamentary gift. Though each side had its claim to make, and the Will was discussed at length, no resolution was reached on the issue. Another meeting was devoted to the contested election to the See of Trier; Volcmar had appealed to the Pope, and Rudolf von Wied had appealed to the Emperor. The Emperor gave investiture to Rudolf, and the Pope certified the canonical election of Volcmar. Finally Frederick decided to allow Rudolf to argue his case in Consistory, before the Pope and Cardinals. But there was no verdict on the case. On November 4, there was a church service, in which the Archbishop of Ravenna, Gerardo, preached on the Holy Land and the need for a crusade.

The Emperor celebrated Christmas at Pavia, the Pope at Verona. Long distance negotiations continued however. According to Godefrid of Cologne [Watterich II, 661; Godefrid is seconded by Arnold of Lübeck, p. 662 n. 1], young King Henry began to behave arrogantly and rapaciously throughout the neighborhood of Trier, and complaints eventually reached both the Emperor and the Pope. The Emperor, doubtless still annoyed over the dispute between Volcmar and Rudolf, refused to intervene with his son. But when the Emperor broached the subject of making Henry co-Emperor, the Pope, advised by several cardinals and other leaders (ex consilio quorundam principum et cardinalium), replied: non esse conveniens duos imperatores praeesse Romano imperio—it was not agreeable to have two emperors in the Roman empire. [Godefridus Coloniensis, in Watterich II, p. 661; Mann X, 270]. The opinions expressed by the Cardinals who were advising the Pope seems to indicate a split in the College of Cardinals, between an accommodating faction and a rigorist faction. During the Ember Days of Lent in 1185, on March 15, in his second creation of his reign, Pope Lucius created new cardinals: Adelardus, Albinus, Melior, Pandulphus, Petrus Diani, Radulfus, and Rollandus [Robertus de Monte, MGH SS 6, 534]. .

Death of Pope Lucius III

The Chronicle of the Anonymous Cassinensis [MGH SS 19, 313] states that Pope Lucius died on November 25, 1185, Lucius papa apud Veronam obiit VII kalendas Decembris, et archiepiscopus Mediolanensis in papam Urbanum substitutus est. This agrees with a number of other sources [quoted by JL, p. 492].

Ralph of Diceto indicates that Pope Lucius (Hubaldus Allucingoli) was buried on November 25, 1185 and that his successor was elected on the same day [Brial, Recueil des historiens des Gaules 17 (Paris 1818), 627; Stubbs II, p. 38; Watterich II, 663; JL, p. 493]: Lucius papa VII kal. Decembris Veronae sepultus est. Humbertus Mediolanensis archiepiscopus ipsa die cardinalium assensu communi Papa creatus, et vocatus Urbanus. Kal. Decembris coronatus est in Ecclesia Sancti-Petri, montis in supercilio locata.

The Cardinals

Eighteen cardinals were present in Verona at the consistory of November 11, 1185, two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and signed a bull [JL 15471; Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584]. On the same day, seventeen cardinals signed another bull [JL 15472]. A bull of the new Pope, Urban III, of February 1, 1186, has the subscriptions of 14 cardinals [Kehr IP VII. 1, p. 250 no. 3].
Onuphrio Panvinio of Verona lists twenty-four cardinals as present at the Election of 1185 [Epitome Pontificum Romanorum (Venice 1557) p. 136]—though his list is actually a list of living cardinals; he omits three cardinals: Konrad of Sabina, Adelardus of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, and Ardicius of S. Teodoro, but includes Matthaeus of S. Maria Nova (who is last heard of in 1181). Ciaconius-Olduin (I, columns 1123-1124) provides a list of cardinals "qui electioni Urbani Tertii interfuerunt" (six cardinal-bishops, eleven cardinal-priests, and ten cardinal-deacons), a total of twenty-seven, but with no indication as to the source(s) of his knowledge; one must presume, therefore, that the list is a list of cardinals who were alive at the time of Urban III's election. Cardinal Guillaume of Reims is included among those present, though the likelihood is that he was back in France; he also omits Cardinal Laborans of S. Maria in Trastevere. Gianfrancesco Tinto, La Nobilità di Verona, Lib. V, cap. 1 (16th century) [excerpted in the collection by Pier Zagata, Cronica della città di Verona Parte prima (Verona, 1745). p. 158], states that there were twenty-one cardinals at the Election of 1185 in Verona.

Cardinals attending:

Konrad von Wittelsbach, consanguineus Imperatoris [Frederici], de Bavaria oriundus. Count Palatine of the Rheinland. Bishop of Sabina, Archbishop of Mainz (November 1163–October 25, 1200) and Salzburg. Brought up in the Church of Salzburg (Christiani Chronicum Moguntinum, in P. Jaffé, Bibliotheca Germanica III, p. 693). In the early part of his career he was embroiled in the schism between Alexander III and "Victor IV" and his Imperial supporters in Germany, and was forced to flee to Rome. In 1177 it was agreed that he should have the Archbishopric of Salzburg, since he was exiled from Mainz (which was given to Archbishop Christian, who died in 1183, after which Conrad was able to regain his seat in Mainz). In 1184, he was one of the mediators between Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Pope Lucius, and he is given credit for moderating the Pope's attitudes. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. He subscribed documents for Urban III in the first three months of 1186 [PL 202, 1351 (January 11, 1186)]. He did not subscribe papal documents at all for Gregory VIII or Clement III, and only once for Celestine III (in February, 1197). He died at the end of 1200 [cf. Innocent III, Epistolae III. 4: Migne, PL 214, columns 873-876 (mid-October, 1200) (Potthast 1148); Potthast 1179 (November, 1200)]; and Theiner (editor), Vetera monumenta Slavorum I, no. 246 (Potthast 1225)]. In the Catalogus Moguntinus and in the Annales Moguntini (P. Jaffé, Bibliotheca Germanica III, p. 4 and p. 708), the date of his death is given as 1200. Cardinal Konrad was, of course, hostile to the Emperor, because of the dispute over the See of Mainz. He was no friend of Archbishop Christian or of Christian's patron, Pope Lucius III.
Theodinus [Teodino], OSB, Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina. He and Cardinal Albert presided at the election of Richard, Prior of Dover, as Archbishop of Canterbury (Spring, 1073). At the time he was Cardinal Priest of S. Vitale (1166–1179); he had previously been Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Porticu [JL 11266]. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III on December 9, 1185 [JL 15477], making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. He was dead and buried, in the church of S. Georgio de Braida (Verona), by May 10, 1186 [Kehr Italia Pontificia VII. 1, p. 247 no. 8]
Henri de Marsiac [de Castro Marsiaco], O.Cist., Bishop of Albano. Former Abbot of Altacomba [Hautecombe] in Savoy (1161), of Clairvaux (1176) [Gallia Christiana 4 (Parisiis 1728), 802-803]. He was elevated at the III Lateran Council on March 7, 1179, in the second session {Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio 22, 234; JL, p. 339]. Legate in southern France against the Albigensians [Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum 22, cols. 467-472 (1180–1182)]. Bruel, Recueil des chartes de l' Abbaye de Cluny 5 (Paris 1894) no. 4284, appears to indicate that Cardinal Henri is still in France in July of 1181. Cardinal Henri last appears in the subscriptiones of Alexander III on December 8, 1179 He was Apostolicae Sedis Legatus in Poitiers on April 1, 1182 [E. Martène & U. Durand, Veterorum scriptorum et monumentorum...amplissima collectio 7 (Paris 1733), 87-91]. He does not appear in the subscriptiones of Lucius III until November 20, 1182 at Velletri [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 380 and p. 570; the report of JL 14686 of a subscription in August,1182, is unverified].
He subscribed a document for Pope Lucius III at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III on December 9, 1185 [JL 15477], making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185
His Cistercian hagiography [Henriquez, "Monumenta sacra", p. 1553], notes that he could have been elected pope on the death of Urban III, but he made the Grand Refusal: "tandem Domino Lucio post quatuor annos mortuo, et Urbano ei in Papatum succedente, ipsoque infra duos annos velociter defuncto, sanior pars Cardinalium voluit ipsum in Papam eligere. Ipse titis viribus renitens...". Ciaconius-Olduin (p. 1098). One may ignore Henriquez (p.1554), who wrongly puts his death "circa annum Domini 1186". The chronicle of Albericus of Trois Fontaines [MGH SS 23, p. 863] says: apud Atrebatum Kalendis Januarii moritur vir venerabilis Heinricus Albunensis episcopus et cardinalis apostolicaeque sedis legatus, qui multa necessaria in ecclesiis fieri instituit. Other chronicles put his death in 1188 [E. Kartusch, Das Kardinalskollegium, pp. 193 and 196 n. 26]. Other hagiographical references are collected in Gallia Christiana 4 (Parisiis 1728), 802. His surviving works: Migne, Patrologiae Series Latina Tomus CCIV, cols. 204-402.
Theobaldus [Thibaud], OSB.Clun., Cardella I. 2, p. 133-134, points out that he was a Benedictine, a Cistercian, or a Cluniac. He is made a creation of Lucius III by Panvinio, which is certainly true of his appointment as Bishop of Ostia; he appears in inscription of July 13, 1183, as Bishop of Ostia [Ciaconius-Olduin, 1113]. His earliest subscription was on May 21, 1184 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1123, and pp. 577 and 585].
Robert of Thorigny (Robertus de Monte), Abbot of Mont S. Michel (d. 1186) writes sub anno 1185 [MGH SS 6, 534]: Teobaldus abbas Cluniacensis factus est episcopus cardinalis Hostiensis; cui successit filius comitis de Claromonte (Hughes IV de Clermont). The Theobald who was Abbot of Cluny served as Abbot from 1180–1184. See Gallia Christiana 4 (Paris 1728), 1142–1143. See also the diploma of Philip II, King of France [Alexandre Bruel, Recueil des chartes de l' Abbaye de Cluny 5 (Paris 1894) no. 4277 (1180); 4278 (1180) where the King refers to Theobaldus venerabilis Abbas Cluniacensis; no. 4279 (1180), an agreement between Count Gerard of Macon and Theobaudus venerabilis Abbas Cluniacensis; in no. 4287 (June 18, 1182), Bishop Ademar of Saintes (Xantonensis) calls him venerabilis domini Tebbaudi, Cluniacensis abbatis. The Chronicle of Cluny erroneously has it that Theobaldus governed the Abbey for only one year, 1179, that he was elected Bishop of Ostia in 1179, and that he died on November 4, 1180 [Bruel, p. 657 n. 1]. In fact, however, he subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III at Verona on December 9, 1185 [JL 15477], making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185; he also subscribed documents on December 9, 1185 [JL 15477], December 13, 1185, and December 16, 1185.
He was considered, and rejected for the papacy in December, 1187. Pope Clement III had intended to send Bishop Theobald to England as Legate in 1188, but because of the serious ills of old age he was unable to go . Sometime after October 28, 1188, he died, but while trying to escape the plague in the mountains above Velletri, not of old age [Gervase of Canterbury, sub anno 1188; MGH SS 27, 305; William Stubbs (editor), Epistolae Cantuarienses (London 1865), no. ccxcii, pp. 275].
Alberto di Morra [Beneventanus], Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina. Author of a treatise on the Decretal of Gratian. S.R.E Cancellarius [Cardella I. 2, p. 87; JL, p. 146, 432; JL 15466] Cardinal Protopriest. His latest subscription for Alexander III was as Chancellor and Datary, on August 15, 1181, at Viterbo [JL 14422]. He fulfilled the same function for Lucius III, from September 28, 1181. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius. He participated in the Election of 1185, and the two Elections of 1187. He died, as Pope Gregory VIII, at Pisa on December 17, 1187.
Johannes Anagninus (Giovanni da Anagni), Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Marco (1167–1190) [JL 16388] [Kartusch, pp. 239-245], and before that Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Porticu (1159–1167). His latest known subscription for Alexander III is on May 24, 1181. His earliest subscription for Lucius III is on May 14, 1182 [JL 14644; Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 229 and p. 568].
He subscribed bulls for Lucius III at Verona on November 11, 1185 [JL 15471, 15472], and for Urban III at Verona on December 13, 1185 [Kehr, IP VI. 1, p. 347, no. 17; Nachrichten...Göttingen (1903), p. 577 no. 20] —making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. In 1189, he was Legate in France, with the task of reconciling the Archbishop and the monks of Canterbury, and reconciling King Richard of England and King Philip of France. In 1190 Clement III made him Bishop of Palestrina [Migne PL 214, p. 407 no. 332]. On April 27, 1195, Pope Celestine III wrote to Henry, King of the Romans, that he wanted to send Cardinal Johannes of Praeneste as part of a legation, but he was ill, debilitate corporis impeditus [Migne, PL 206, 1090]. His latest subscription is March 22, 1196. [Cardella I.2, pp. 94-95; JL 17344]. Pope Innocent III refers to him as deceased (bonae memoriae) in a letter to Archbishop Hubert of Canterbury on December 1, 1198 [Migne PL 214, 408]. His successor, Cardinal Guido Poré (Guy Paré), was created in 1199, or so it is claimed. {Eubel I, p. 3].
He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III on December 9, 1185 [JL 15477], making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185.
Laborans [Florentine], Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Maria in Trastevere (1180). Formerly Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Porticu. Studied law at Paris. He held the title of Magister [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 no. 5]. Wrote a work entitled Compilatio decretorum, .which was published on April 30, 1182 [Baronius-Theiner, sub anno 1182, no. 5, p. 502]. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III at Verona on December 13, 1185 [Kehr, IP VI. 1, p. 347, no. 17; Nachrichten...Göttingen (1903), p. 577 no. 20] —making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. He died on October 6, either in 1189 or 1190 [Pietro Egidi, Necrologi e libri affini della Provincia Romana Volume I (Roma 1908), p. 98].
Uberto Crivelli [Mediolanensis], subscribes as Hubertus presbiter cardinalis tit. sancti Laurencii in Damaso in a bull of February 5, 1183 [Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita III (1888), no. 333, pp. 303-304]; and as Mediolanensis archiepiscopus et presbyter cardinalis in a bull of November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584]. G. Novaes, Elementi III, p. 123, states that he was made Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso in 1171, but the date is not possible, since Cardinal Petrus was the incumbent in that title until after July 17, 1174. Additionally, he signs himself Ubertus Archdeacon of Milan in 1178 [F. Ughelli, Italia Sacra 4, columns 166-167]. Ughelli [Italia Sacra 4, columns 165-169] and J A. Sassi [II, 599-607], followed by Moroni, believe that he was made a cardinal by Lucius III in December, 1182 [Moroni, Dizionario storico-ecclesiastica 86, p. 10]. He was still Archdeacon of Milan on October 3, 1182 [Kehr, Italia Pontificia V, p. 467 no. 32]. His earliest known subscription as Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo is on January 2, 1183 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 440, and p. 585]. He was elected Bishop of Vercelli, apparently in 1183; on December 20, 1183, he signs himself as cardinalis, apostolicae sedis legatus, et Vercellensis electus" [Kehr, IP VI.2, p. 25 no. 1; Ganzer, p. 135]. Hubertus was elected Archbishop of Milan on January 9, 1185, after the decease of his predecessor, Archbishop Galdinus on November 28, 1184 [G. Cappelletti, Le chiese d' Italia XI (1844), p 183]. He became Pope Urban III (1185–1187).
Albinus, Cardinal Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme (1185–1189). Previously Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria Nova (1182–1185). His earliest surviving subscription as Cardinal Deacon is on December 23, 1182 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 412, and p. 585].His last subscription as Cardinal Deacon was on March 15, 1185 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1532, and p. 585]. His earliest subscription as Cardinal Priest was on March 19, 1185 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1539, and pp. 582 and 585]. He held the title of Magister [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 no. 5]. His predecessor, Cardinal Arduinus, last subscribed on January 8, 1183 [Pfaff, no. 116]. Cardinal Albinus subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185.
Pandulfus, son of Petrus Roberti, of Lucca, Cardinal Priest in the title of Ss. XII Apostoli (1182 – ca. 1210) [Kehr, Nachrichten der K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, phil.-hist. Klasse (1903), no. 6, p. 110 (Velletri, April/May, 1183); Malaczek, 79-80; cf. Kartusch, 307-310, who is wrong on several particulars]. He held the title of Magister [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 no. 5]. He had been canon of S. Martino in Lucca. He was in the company of Lucius III as he fled to Verona [JL 15062]. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III on December 9, 1185 [JL 15477], making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. In 1198 he was papal legate of Toscana. Cardinal Pandulfus mentions his father and brothers in a grant to the canonry of S. Maria in Lucca signed on May 4, 1208. He is not the same person as Pandulfus Masca of Pisa [Memorie e documenti per servire all' istoria del principato di Lucca V. 1 (Lucca; Domenico Bertini 1844), pp. 493-497]. [In general, see Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg, 79-80].
Melior, Cardinal Priest of SS. Ioannis et Pauli. Archdeacon of Laon and Archdeacon of Reims, he had been made a Cardinal by Lucius III in the Ember Days of Lent in 1185 at Verona, and was S.R. E. Camerarius from 1184–1187. His earliest subscription is on March 31, 1185 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1558, and pp. 582 and 586]. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III at Verona on December 13, 1185 [Kehr, IP VI. 1, p. 347, no. 17; Nachrichten...Göttingen (1903), p. 577 no. 20] —making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. He held the title of Magister, as a document testifies in which he arranges for Masses for the souls of Lucius III and Cardinal Teodinus of Porto [May 10, 1186 (Kehr Italia Pontificia VII. 1, p. 247 no. 8)].
Adelardo "Cattaneo", of Verona, Cardinal Priest in the Title of S. Marcello. [Kartusch, pp. 63-67] Created cardinal in the Lent consistory of March 15, 1185 at Verona. Gianfrancesco Tinto, La Nobilità di Verona, Lib. V, cap. 1, p. 440 (16th century) [excerpted in the collection by Pier Zagata, Cronica della città di Verona Parte prima (Verona, 1745). p. 159], says that he had been a Canon of the Cathedral of Verona.
Cardinal Adelardus first signed a bull for Lucius III on March 23, 1185 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, p. 585; Kartusch, p. 63 and n. 5; Jaffé, Regesta pontificum II, p. 431; Lucius died on November 21, 1185] as Cardinal Priest of S. Marcello. He then subscribed for Urban III [Jaffé, p. 493; Urban died on October 20, 1187], for Gregory VIII [October-December 17, 1187], and Clement III, until October 29, 1188 [Jaffé, 536]. By 1193, the Cardinal Priest of S. Marcello was Cardinal Fidantius [Jaffé, p. 577; Julius von Pflugk-Harttung, Acta pontificum Romanorum inedita I (1880), no. 435, pp. 374 [JL 17341]. Cardinal Fidantius' successor, Petrus, began to subscribe documents on November 23, 1201 [Potthast, Regesta Pontificum p. 464]. Innocent III wrote four letters on May 10, 1202, to A(delardo) Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinali, Veronensi Episcopo [Migne, Patrologiae 214, columns 985-988; Potthast nr. 1674]. In his biographical notice of Raoul de Neuville, Salvador Miranda explains at n. 1 that "the practice of resigning the cardinalatial title when appointed to a diocese was followed by some cardinals in the 12th and 13th centuries", citing the Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928 for Cardinal Adelardo Cattaneo in 1888 (The "practice" was not followed by Guillaume de Champagne of Reims, Stephen Langton of Canterbury or Guy Paré of Rheims, Bishop of Palestrina [Gallia Christiana 10 (1717), Instrumenta cols. 53-56 (July 6, 1204) = Potthast 2269]). Note that, according to the evidence cited, Adelardus continues to be a Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church; it is only his titulus that he resigns.
Migne remarks [column 985 n. 109] that Cardinal Adelardus died in 1211 or 1212. The latest document with his subscription seems to be one of July 17, 1212 [Ganzer, 140]. Kartusch [p. 65 and n. 38] states, "Adelard soll ende 1211 oder Anfang 1212 gestorben sein." And, as Eubel points out on p. 522, Cardinal Adelardus' successor, Bishop Norandinus, was already bishop-elect of Verona on October 13, 1214, and held it until September 22, 1224. The date usually found for Adelardus' death, however, is 1214. An inscription on Cardinal Adelardus' tomb in the Basilica of S. Zeno in Verona, to which his remains were transferred in 1642, states that he died in 1225; this inscription is not contemporary with Cardinal Adelardus. He was originally buried simply, and then his body was transferred to an appropriate marble monument, from which it was re-transferred in 1642; concerning the inscription Ciaconius states (column 1119): "eo enim anno non obiit Adelardus, sed eo anno ac die in eo tumulo ejus cadaver reclusum fuisse indicat". It should be noted that Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica I, p. 3 n.1, leaves the date of Adelard's death an open question.
Since the Election of 1185 took place in Verona on November 25, it is likely that Adelardus attended. He subscribed a bull for Urban III at Verona on December 9, 1185 [JL 15477].
Ardicius Rivoltella [Mediolanensis], Cardinal Deacon of S. Teodoro. (ca. 1156–1186). He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339; Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III at Verona on December 13, 1185 [Kehr, IP VI. 1, p. 347, no. 17; Nachrichten...Göttingen (1903), p. 577 no. 20] —making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. His latest known subscription is on February 27, 1186 [JL 15560; Pfaff, "Sieben Jahre päpstlicher Politik. Die Wirksamkeit der Päpste Lucius III., Urban III., Gregor VIII.", in: Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 67 (1981) p. 202, pace Kartusch, p. 88, quoting Ciaconius-Olduin]. His successor at S. Teodoro, Johannes Malabranca, first subscribes on March 16, 1188.
Graziano [Pisanus], Cardinal Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano (1178–1203). Nephew of Pope Eugenius III (reigned 1145–1153). He held the title of Magister [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 no. 4, 5]. He was wice sent as Legate to England, to deal with the conflict between Henry II and Thomas Becket, the first time as Apostolic Subdeacon and Vice-Chancellor (1169), the second as Cardinal Deacon and Legatus a latere. It was he who placed England under Interdict because of the assassination of Archbishop Becket [Cardella, 127-128; H. tillmann, Die päpstlichen Legaten in England bis zur Beendigung der Legation Gualas (1218) (Bonn 1926), 45, 64, 68, 215, 277, 280, 301]. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471)], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III at Verona on December 13, 1185 [Kehr, IP VI. 1, p. 347, no. 17; Nachrichten...Göttingen (1903), p. 577 no. 20] —making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. In general see Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri, "Graziano da Pisa," Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 59 (2003) (retrieved 3/1/2013).
Soffredus, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via lata. Soffredus of Pisa (not Soffredus of Pistoia) who was made Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata by Lucius III [Cardella, 148-149] (1182–1193), where he was succeeded by Petrus Capuanus, who in 1205 became Cardinal Priest of S. Marcello [Cavazzi, S. Maria in Via Lata (1908) , p. 401]. He held the title of Magister [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 nos. 4 and 5]. Soffredus' earliest surviving subscription is on January 2, 1183 at Velletri [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 440, and p. 585; .JL 14810; cf. Kartusch p. 394, who is in error]. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III at Verona on December 13, 1185 [Kehr, IP VI. 1, p. 347, no. 17; Nachrichten...Göttingen (1903), p. 577 no. 20] —making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. He was promoted to the Titulus of S. Prassede in 1193. He died on December 14, 1210 [Beani, 22-23 and n. 1]. Franciscus Antonius Zacharias, Bibliotheca Pistoriensis (Augustae Taurinorum 1752), p. 97: Calendarium alterum Pistoriense: December 14: Soffredus tt. S. Praxedis presbiter card. qui dedit huic Ecclesiae altare viaticum, in quo sunt 44 Capilli B.M.V., anno 1210.
Rollandus (Rolando), OSB [Pisanus], Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Porticu (1185–after June 23, 1187), apparently from March 15, 1185 His earliest subscription is on March 31, 1185 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1558, and pp. 582 and 586; cf. Kartusch, pp. 382-384], He held the title of Magister [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 nos. 4 and 5]. He had been elected Bishop of Dol (1177–1187) [Hauréau, Gallia Christiana 14 (Paris 1866) 1051], but he was not enthroned, due to a long dispute with the Archbishop of Tours, who claimed Dol as a suffragan diocese. Rolando's successor in the Deaconry, Cardinal Gregorius, first subscribes on April 12, 1188.
Rolandus was sent to Scotland in 1182 while still Dolensis electus, to make peace between King William and John, Archbishop of St. Andrews, but Archbishop Hugo, the occupant of the seat, appealed to Rome. Rolandus wrote a letter to Pope Lucius with all the details, in which he calls himself Suae Sanctitatis servus et alumnus, Apostolicae Sedis subdiaconum minimus. Rollandus was still Dolensis electus in a charter of 1184 which he granted to the monks of St. Michael de periculo maris; the charter was witnessed in the Chapter House at Dol [Gallia Christiana 14, instrumenta, col. 248 no III]. Appeals and counterappeals kept the case running until January, 1199 [Gallia Christiana 14, instrumenta, col. 249-257, no IV; Roger of Hoveden, ed. Stubbs, IV, pp. 100-103; Gallia Christiana 14, 1051]. Cardinal Rollandus subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. His latest known subscription is on September 21, 1187 at Verona for Urban III [Nachrichten von der k. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Phil.-hist. Klasse (1908), pp. 282-285, no. 33].
Petrus Diani [quem docta Placentia mundo edidit, according to his tombstone in S. Cecilia], Canon of S. Antoninus in Piacenza by 1173 {Ganzer, p. 136]. He was created Cardinal Deacon of S. Niccolo in Carcere Tulliano (1185–1188) on March 15, 1185, and then Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Cecilia (1188–1208). He held the title of Magister [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 nos. 4 and 5]. His earliest subscription is on April 4, 1185 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1573, and p. 587]. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471)], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and he subscribed a bull for Urban III at Verona on December 13, 1185 [Kehr, IP VI. 1, p. 347, no. 17; Nachrichten...Göttingen (1903), p. 577 no. 20] —making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. See Werner Malaczek, "Diani, Pietro " in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 39 (1991).
Radulfus (Ridolfo) Nigelli [Pisanus], Cardinal Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro (1185–1189) [Kartusch, 397-360]. He held the title of Magister [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 nos. 4 and 5]. His earliest subscription is on March 31, 1185 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1558, and p. 586]. He subscribed a document at Verona on November 11, 1185 [Th. Lejeune, Documents et rapports de la Société paléontologique et archéologique de Charleroi 12 (1883), no. xxvi, 335-339 (JL15471); Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1931 and p. 584], only two weeks before the death of Pope Lucius, and for Urban III at Verona on December 9, 1185, and on December 13, 1185 [Kehr, IP VI. 1, p. 347, no. 17; Nachrichten...Göttingen (1903), p. 577 no. 20] —making it likely that he participated in the Election of 1185. Promoted to be Cardinal Priest of S. Prassede in 1188 [Epistolae Cantuarienses, no. ccxcii, pp. 276]. He was dispatched by Pope Clement to England on December 10, 1188 [Epistolae Cantuarienses, no. ccxci, pp. 274; JL 16360], with Legantine powers to settle the dispute between Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury and the Monks of Canterbury. He had fallen ill at Pavia and died on December 30, 1188, at Mortara [Epistolae Cantuarienses, no. ccxcii, pp. 276].

Cardinals not attending:

Paolo Scolari [Romanus], Bishop of Palestrina (earliest subscription on January 13, 1181). Educated at S. Maria Maggiore, and made Canon of the Liberian Basilica, and later its Archpriest [F. Ughelli, Italia Sacra I, 200; F. Contelori, La gerarchia cardinalizia di Carlo Bartolomeo Piazza (Roma 1703) 221; G. Cappelletti, Le chiese d' Italia 1 (Venezia 1844), 606]. Formerly, it seems, Cardinal Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco (1179–1180) Built the Palace at S. Maria Maggiore.[cf. Cardella I. 2, p. 131]. He subscribed no documents, so far as is known, between May 21, 1184 and April 12, 1186, and it is therefore probable that he was not at Verona in November, 1185 for the papal Election. [future Pope Clement III]
? Petrus de Bono [Romanus], Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Susanna since 1173, previously Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Aquiro (1166–1173) [Kartusch, p. 325]. He held the title of Magister [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 no. 5]. Along with Peter, Bishop of Tusculum, he was Legate to the Emperor Frederick I in 1180, instructed to settle a dispute between the Emperor and WIchmann, Archbishop of Magdeburg [JL 13611-13612 (February 15, 1180)]. He subscribed for Alexander III on January 13, 1181 [JL 14357]. He subscribed for Alexander III on August 15, 1181, two weeks before his death [JL 14422], and for Lucius III on September 28, 1181, four weeks after his election [Nachrichten... Göttingen (1910) p. 256, no. 15]. He continued to subscribe as late as November 11, 1187.The Necrologium Renanum of S. Maria de Reno (Bologna) enters his death on November 20, 1187: XII. Kl. O. petrus de bono canonicus noster card. sancte susanne, de quo habuimus plantam unam cocineam. a. d. MC Nonagesimo VII [G. G. Trombelli, Memorie istoriche cocern. le due canoniche di S. Maria di Reno e di S. Salvatore (Bologna 1752), p. 227 and 352; J. Brixius, Mitglieder, p. 65.].
It is possible he was absent from the Election of 1185. His name appears as being present at a judicial inquiry at Velletri in 1184 or 1185 [Kehr, Italia Pontificia I, p. 194 no. 17; II, p. 120 no. 13—though the document is not actually dated, and therefore is not probative]. His latest subscription for Lucius III is at Veroli on May 21, 1184 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1123 and p. 577]. He does appear at Verona under the new Pope, Urban III, but on June 29, 1186, seven months after the Election [Kehr, IP VII.1, p. 250 no. 5].
Guillaume de Champagne (ca. 1135–1202), "Blanches-Mains", fourth son of Thibault Comte de Champagne and Maude (Mahaud) de Flandre. Former Bishop of Chartres (1164–1176). Archbishop of Reims (1176–1202). Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Sabina since 1179 [JL 13369 (April 6, 1179)] [Migne, PL 200, 1228 (JL 13371, April 8, 1179)] [JL 13383 (April 14, 1179)]). He participated in the III Lateran Council of March 5–19, 1179 [Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum 22, 239 and 464], and was made Cardinal in the second session, March 7 [JL, p. 339]. Governor of the State in France (1183). When Pope Lucius expressed a desire to meet with him, King Philip II replied that there was no one in his kingdom dearer to him than his uncle the Cardinal, who was his vigilant eye in his Councils, and the Cardinal was not allowed to go. In February of 1184, at the command of Lucius III, he and Abbot Hervé of Majoris-monasterii (near Tours) conducted a visitation of the Church of S. Martin of Tours [Gallia Christiana 14 (1856), Instrumenta, lxvii, columns 86-87 (February 21, 1184, Indiction II)]. He did finally go to Italy in 1184 (not in 1185, as Duchesne reports; subscriptions show him in Verona in the second half of 1184, from August 18 to December 11 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, pp. 578-582]). He may have been back in France by April 15, 1185: JL 15402-15405. The last of these documents is a mandate to Cardinal Guillaume of Reims and the Abbot of Maioris-Monasterii, which would make no sense unless Guillaume were in France.
Gerardus (Gerardo) [Lucca], said to be a relative of Lucius III (but not in medieval sources), whom Gerardo succeeded as Cardinal Deacon of S. Adriano (1182–after April 1204) [JL 16419 (June 6, 1189); 16681 (May 2, 1191)] [cf. the cases of the Conti di Segni at SS. Sergio e Bacco]. Cardinal Gerardo was Rector of Benevento early in the reign of Celestine III (1193); this was just about the time that Henry VI's eldest son Ruggiero died [Stefano Borgia, Memorie istoriche della città di Benevento, p. 167]. Cardinal Gerardus' earliest surviving subscription is on January 2, 1183 at Velletri [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 440, and p. 585; .JL 14810]. In 1204 he was Legate in Sicily and Calabria [his appointment noted in a letter of Innocent III on April 1, 1204 (Potthast, 2165)], to arrange a peace in Sicily. On October 4, 1204, Innocent III wrote to King Frederick of Sicily, urging him to help Cardinal Gerardo bring about peace in the island; a similar letter went to William of Caparone [Potthast, 2287-2288]; he also wrote to Cardinal Gerardo, granting him permission to do as he thought best in negotiating a truce or breaking off negotiations [Potthast, 2291]. See: "Allucingoli, Gerardo," in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani II (1960).
Cardinal Gerardus' latest subscription for Lucius III is at Veroli on May 21, 1184 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1123 and p. 577]. He was Papal Vicar for Rome (1184–1188), and was present at a judicial inquiry at Velletri in 1184 or 1185 [Kehr, Italia Pontificia I, p. 194 no. 17; II, p. 120 no. 13—though the document is not actually dated, and therefore is not probative; the assigned time period is merely Gerardus' term as Papal legate under Lucius III]. But it is possible that Gerardus did not attend the Election of 1185. The Chronica Monasterii S. Bartholomei de Carpineto [text in Ughelli-Coleti X, "Anecdota Ughelli", columns 375-376] reports a dispute that was handled by Cardinal Gerardus that spanned the end of the reign of Lucius III and the beginning of that of Urban III. The case was sent on appeal to Urban III by Cardinal Gerardus on February 1 [1186, it seems]. Nonetheless, it is not impossible that Cardinal Gerardus could have travelled to Verona to the deathbed of the Pope, and returned to the Campagna by that date with a renewal of his powers as Vicar.
? Jacinthus (Hyacinthus, Giacinto) Bobone [Romanus], son of Petrus Bubonis de Orsinis, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin (1144–1191). Cardinal Protodeacon (primus inter diaconos). On April 27, 1138 he had subscribed as Jacinthus, prior subdiaconorum sacri palatii [JL I, p. 841and 7890]. He became Pope Celestine III on March 30, 1191 at the age of 85 and died on January 8, 1198 [JL II, p. 578; Kartusch, p. 217].
Peter of Blois wrote [Epistles 123, in Migne, PL 207, columns 366-367]:

Vidimus quamplures in Ecclesia Romana in ordine diaconatus usque ad decrepitam aetatem et exhalationem extremi spiritus ministrasse. Certe dominus Caelestinus, qui hodie sedet, sicut ex ipsius ore frequenter accepi, in officio levitae sexaginta quinque annos expleverat [1126–1191], antequam ipsum Dominus in summi Pontificatus apicem sublimasset.
Cardinal Jacinthus subscribed for Lucius III at Anagni or Veroli, at some point between March 25 and May 7, 1184, along with Cardinal Petrus of S. Susanna and Cardinal Octavianus of SS. Sergio e Bacco [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, p. 550 nr. 1108a]. He subscribed a bull at Modena on July 12, 1184 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, p. 578], though not subsequent to that during the rest of the reign of Lucius III. He is named as a participant in a judicial inquiry at Velletri in 1184 or 1185 [Kehr, Italia Pontificia I, p. 194 no. 17; II, p. 120 no. 13—though the document is not actually dated, and therefore is not probative], which appears to indicate that he returned to the neighborhood of Rome after his visit to Modena. He does not appear in Urban III's subscriptions until March 3, 1186, at Verona [JL 15541]. He may not have been at Verona for the Election of November 25, 1185.
? Vibianus [probably Urbevetanus], Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio (1175–1184?). He had formerly been Cardinal Deacon of S. Nicolai in carcere Tulliano (1175), where he succeeded Cardinal Odo, who had served there for twenty years (1154–1174). Vibianus was Legate in Scotland (1176–1177): he was in England (on July 22, 1176) , Ireland (1177) and Norway [Roger of Hoveden; Baronius–Theiner, p. 521]. His latest known subscription is on May 7, 1184 at Veroli [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nrs. 1109-1111, and p. 585]. He was not one of the eighteen cardinals who subscribed the bull of November 11, 1185. Some conjecture that he was dead—on no evidence whatever. It is equally possible (on no evidence whatever) that he came late to Verona, and was ill, or was at odds with Lucius III and did not attend Consistory.
? Bobo (Andrea Boboni) [Romanus], deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria (1182–1188) [Kartusch, pp. 106-108]. He was preceded by Cardinal Johannes (1178–1181) and succeeded by Cardinal Gregorius (1190–1202) [Kartusch, pp. 154-158].
Bobo's earliest surviving subscription is on January 2, 1183 at Velletri [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 440, and p. 585; .JL 14810]. His latest subscription for Lucius III is at Veroli on May 21, 1184 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1123 and p. 577]. Cardinal Bobo was sent by Pope Urban III to France along with Cardinal Soffredus [JL 15882], to deal with the hostilities between Henry II of England and Philip Augustus of France. He did not subscribe any papal documents between May 21, 1184 and April 11, 1186, indicating probably that he was in England during that period [so Kartusch, p. 106 and n. 4]. He did not, therefore, participate in the Election of 1185. He was promoted Cardinal Priest of S. Anastasia in 1188 [Kartusch, p. 108 n. 13]. He died in 1189 or 1190
? Ottaviano di Paolo dei Conti di Segni [Romanus], Cardinal Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco (1182–1189/90), later Cardinal Bishop of Ostia e Velletri (1189–1206). His successor in the Deaconry, Cardinal Lotharius dei Conti (Innocent III), first subscribes on December 7, 1190. Cardinal Lotharius' successor was his cousin, Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni (1205–1231). Clearly, SS. Sergius and Bacchus was a 'family' deanery at the end of the XII century.
Cardinal Octavianus' earliest subscription is on January 8, 1183 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 447, and p. 585]. His latest subscription for Lucius III is at Veroli on May 21, 1184 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1123 and p. 577]. He did not subscribe any papal documents between May 21, 1184 and April 11, 1186, indicating perhaps that he did not travel to Verona with the Papal curia, and therefore did not participate in the Election of 1185.
Rogerius, OSB Cas., Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Eusebio. Former Abbot of Montecassino, appointed Archbishop of Benevento in 1179 by Alexander III [F. Ughelli, Italia sacra VIII (Venetiis 1721), 126]; he held the post until December 25, 1221 [cf. G. Cappelletti, Le chiese d' Italia III (1844), pp. 82-87]. His predecessor was Lombardus, who was appointed in 1171 and resigned before July 27, 1179 [Ughelli, Italia sacra VIII, 121-123]. He did not subscribe any papal documents. [Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica I, p. 3 n.1, and p. 5 n.2, does not consider him as one of the Cardinals alive at the time of the Election of 1198, or as one of the Cardinals alive at the time of the Election of 1216—though he survives until 1121; cf. Brixius, p. 66]. Ganzer, pp. 129-131, believes that he was not a cardinal during his archbishopric. He is called Cardinal of S. Eusebio in E. Gattula, Historia Abbatiae Cassiniensis Pars prima (Venetiis 1733). 399, which Gattula quotes from the Register of Petrus Diaconus, and notes that the document is in a later hand, quamquam recentiori charactere [text also in Ughelli VIII, 126]. Ughelli [Italia Sacra VIII, 126] also mentions the existence of a second text, which was later published by Stefano Borgia, in Memorie istoriche della pontificia città di Benevento Parte III (Roma 1769) 185-187. [My thanks to Tomasz Karlikowske for drawing this to my attention]. A letter of Philippus, Bishop of Troia and Rector of Benevento notes that, in accordance with a papal mandate, Pater noster d(omi)nus Roggerius dei gratia sancti Eusebii Cardinalis Beneventanus Episcopus suspenderat ab officio iudicatus [Petrum Malaina]. The document was found by Norbert Kamp, Kirche und Monarchie im staufischen Konigreich Sizilien (1973), p. 206. There is no question, therefore, that Rogerius was a Cardinal of S. Eusebio from 1180 to his death in 1221. Ughelli mentions a third document, dated 1220, but it has not been located. In any case, there is no evidence that Cardinal Rogerius attended the Election of 1216, or 1198, or 1187, or 1187, or 1181.

Dubii Salvatoris Mirandae

In his list of Cardinals present and absent at the Election of 1185, Salvador Miranda (Librarian Emeritus, Florida International University) states that there were thirty-five living cardinals (he forgets Roger of Beneventum), and he names eleven cardinals who did not participate in the Election:

-Pietro, title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina.
-Herbert of Bosham, deaconry not known.
-Roberto, title of S. Pudenziana.
-Rolando Paparoni, title of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti.
-Raniero, title not known.
-Simeone Paltinieri, title not known.
-Giovanni, title not known.
-Gandolfo, O.S.B., deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.

The following were not cardinals in 1185:

Petrus, "Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Lorenzo in Lucina". The title, however, was held by Cardinal Albertus de Morra from 1158 until he became Pope Gregory VIII in 1187. The title, then, cannot be bestowed on "Cardinal Peter". The dismal authors of the list of cardinals in the Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928 appear to know of a bull, dated May 25, 1178, signed by this Cardinal Peter—a further demonstration of their unreliability. Miranda includes Petrus as a participant in the Election of 1181, with no evidence to support his statement, and in the knowledge (expressed in his biographical notice on Cardinal Albertus) of Albertus' tenure. Cardinal Petrus was possibly the Cardinal Priest of S. Susanna (1173-1187), Petrus de Bono [This is the suggestion to Tomasz Karlikowski].
Herbert of Bosham [Sussex, England]. He is named as a Cardinal Deacon by Salvador Miranda, but of a deaconry not known, nor did he subscribe any documents. He had been secretary of Thomas Becket and his strongest supporter. He spent the four years immediately after Becket's assassination outside of England in self-imposed exile. He was much disliked by King Henry II, and there is every reason to think that the King would have been very displeased at any preferment shown to Herbert. But by the time of the death of Lucius III he was back in England, living quietly in obscurity. There is considerable doubt that he was ever a Cardinal [Ciaconius-Olduin, 1094; Cardella I.2, p. 122; Williams, Lives of the English Cardinals I, 199].
As J. A. Giles points out [Herberti de Boseham S. Thomae Cantuariensis clerici a secretis Opera quae exstant omnia Vol. II (Oxonii 1846), vi and xi.], the story of Herbert's cardinalate derives from "an absurd corruption of the text of the Catalogus eruditorum in the edition of Lupus." (C. Lupus [Wolf] Bruxelles 1682). See; L. Stephen and S. Lee (editors), Dictionary of National Biography 26 (1891) 166-168. James Craigie Robertson, Materials for the History of Thomas Becket III (London 1877) xvii-xxiii.
Herbert of Bosham is said to have been elected to the See of Benevento, but Ferdinando Ughelli [Italia Sacra VIII 123, 125-126] did not believe he was either a cardinal or Archbishop of Benevento. There is only a tiny window for him in 1179, between Archbishop Lombardus and Archbishop Rogerius—who was the real Cardinal of Benevento in 1181. For those who did not believe the tale that Herbert was offered and refused the See of Benevento, they can point to stories that Herbert was made Bishop of Cosenza or of Compsa. He also, according to another tale, became pope under the name Urban III [Robertson, xxi]. In arguing about an alleged cardinalate, the default position ought to be "not a cardinal", and the burden ought to be on the supporter of a cardinalate to demonstrate the claim.
Rolando Paparoni [of Siena (Panvinio) or France (others)], a real Cardinal and an Elector in 1185. His creation dates apparently from March 15, 1185. His earliest subscription is on March 31, 1185 [Baaken and Schmidt, Lfg. 2, Regesten nr. 1558, and pp. 582 and 586; cf. Kartusch, pp. 382-384]. He subscribes on April 4, 1185 as Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Porticu [Jaffe-Loewenfeld p. 146; Nachrichten von der k. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Phil.-hist. Klasse (1912), no. 25, pp. 455].
Salvador Miranda, however, depending entirely on the Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, puts Rolando's creation at the end of 1180 and his promotion to the title of SS. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti in 1184. This scenario is contrary to the documentary evidence. His predecessor at S. Maria in Porticu, who subscribed up to at least July 27, 1179, was Cardinal Laborans, at which point he was promoted to S. Maria trans Tiberim (first subscribes with his new title on February 26, 1180). The evidence is that Rollandus was not a creation of Alexander III; the date of 1180 is merely the moment at which the Deaconry became vacant. The promotion of Rollandus to Cardinal Priest in 1184 is contradicted by the subscriptions. Rolando was still Cardinal Deacon in 1186 [JL 15922; Kehr, Italia Pontificia VII. 1, p. 242, nos. 37 and 38]. Rolandus' latest known subscription is at Verona for Pope Urban III on September 21, 1187 [Nachrichten von der k. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Phil.-hist. Klasse (1908), pp. 282-285, no. 33]. Cardella [I. 2, pp. 153-154], in fact, makes Rolando's creation as a Cardinal Deacon part of Lucius III's Second Creation, which took place in December, 1183 (Chacon) or Ash Wednesday, 1184, in Verona (Panvinio). His earliest subscription indicates that 1185 is the correct year.
This alleged creation at the end of 1180 was composed (according to Miranda) of only two cardinals. One, Rolando, has been shown to be nothing but an unjustified guess. The other was Cardinal Bernaredus, named Bishop of Palestrina, who died shortly after his creation. Cardinal Bernaredus is also called Berneredo, Bernaredo, Bernero, and Benemeredo [G. Cappelletti, Le chiese d' Italia 1 (Venezia 1844), 606]. He had earlier been the Abbot of SS. Crispinus and Crispinianus at Soissons when he came to Rome for the III Lateran Council in 1179. But he was named Cardinal in 1179, not at the end of 1180. He subscribes to papal documents as Bishop of Palestrina from May 4, 1179 to July 11, 1180 [JL, p. 145]. Peter of Celle knew Cardinal Bernaredus, wrote to him, and wrote to Peter of Pavia, Bishop of Tusculum, about Bernaredus' death [Epistolae IX. 6: Patrologiae 202, columns 541-549].
There was, in fact, a promotion (not a creation) of one cardinal at the end of 1180, but it was that of Paolo Scolari, Cardinal Deacon of SS. Sergius and Bacchus (since 1179, before October 17), who succeeded Bernaredus as Bishop of Palestrina. He first subscribes on January 13, 1181, and died in the second half of March, 1191. Both of Miranda's creations of 1180 are fictitious.
Raniero, titulus unknown, date of death unknown , birthplace unknown, education unknown (according to Miranda, basing his remarks on Ciaconius-Olduin, Cardella, and the notorious Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, p. 153).
Rainerius, Cardinal Deacon of S. Adriano [from before November 2, 1178 until mid-1182] (when Miranda thinks he died, August, 1182). Cardinal Rainerius was probably promoted to the title of SS. Giovanni e Paolo in mid-1182. He last subscribes on May 16, 1183, and is succeeded by Cardinal Melior by April 4, 1185.
There was a second Rainerius, who was Cardinal Deacon of Sancti Georgii ad Velum Aureum (from 1175), who is last attested in the subscriptions on December 7, 1182 [JL, p. 725]—that date making it impossible for him to be either the Deacon of S. Adriano or the Cardinal Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo. He was succeeded by Radulfus by April 20, 1185.
The Ranierus of unknown title is said by Ciaconius and Cardella to have subscribed the absolution of King William of Scotland (March 17, 1182), on the authority of Roger of Hoveden (ed. Stubbs II, p. 268) [JL 14613]. In fact both real Cardinals Rainerius subscribed, as they both subscribed on May 13—Cardinal Deacon of S. Adriano and Cardinal Deacon of S. Georgio ad velum aureum [JL 14643]. The Raniero of unknown title is nonexistent. Another mistake of Ciaconius. How he came to be created in a Consistory of March 6, 1185, is a matter best left to Salvador Miranda to puzzle out.
Gandolfo, OSB, "Cardinal Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano". The Cardinal Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano from 1178-1203 was Cardinal Graziano. 'Cardinal" Gandolfo is a mirage, though Abbot Gandolfo of S. Sisto in Piacenza did exist. But—as he did in the Election of 1181—Salvador Miranda assigns both Cardinal Graziano (correctly) and "Cardinal Gandolfo" to the Deaconry of SS. Cosma e Damiano.
Robertus, "Cardinal Priest in the title of S. Pudenziana." Ciaconius-Olduin (column 1102) and Cardella (p. 139), followed exactly by Salvador Miranda, base his entry on the record of his signature on a bull of 1170; this is impossible, since the Cardinal Priest of S. Pudenziana from 1166 to 1178 was Cardinal Boso, as the record of subscriptions shows [JL p. 145]. Both Chacon and Cardella may be dismissed from discussion. Miranda then cites "another two [papal bulls] issued in April 1179", but he gives no references. It is curious that, according to Miranda, "Cardinal Robert" was created in March 1179, just in time to sign the two bulls of April 1179. There is no evidence whatsoever that "he" was alive in 1181. On what basis does Miranda say that he did not participate in the Election of 1181? The only other item in Miranda "bibliography" besides Chacon and Cardella is the Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. It must be presumed that that is the source of Miranda's information. But the Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, is nothing but a compilation, not a scholarly investigation, and it is riddled with so many errors and fancies that it is laughable. A scholar must cite his sources, and Miranda has not done so. Indeed, Miranda engages in contradictions, placing the name of Cardinal Boso of S. Pudenziana on the list of Cardinals present at the Election of 1181, forgetting perhaps that he had made Robertus the Cardinal of S. Pudenziana too. "Robert"'s death "before 1188" is not a fact, only an easy inference, since there was a Cardinal Priest at S. Pudenziana in 1188, Jordanus (Giordano) de Ceccano, OCist. One may reasonably doubt the existence of "Cardinal Robert of S. Pudenziana", to say nothing of his participation in the election of 1181 or that of 1185.
Giovanni, Cardinal in 1185 (priest in 1186). The story of this Giovanni begins with Salvador Miranda's statement that he was appointed in a Consistory of March 6, 1185. For this statement, he cites Chacon (Ciaconius), Cardella, and the Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928. It is the last of these which makes this Cardinal Giovanni a product of the Consistory of 1185. At the end of his biographical note, Miranda identifies this Giovanni of Ciaconius with Cardinal Giovanni Conti, but then how was this Giovanni created in the Consistory of March 6, 1185?? If he is the same as Giovanni Conti, then he had been a cardinal since 1158 and Cardinal Priest of S. Marco since 1167. Miranda does not consider Cardinal Giovanni Conti to be absent from the Election of 1185. And so there must be two Giovannis, or so he seems to believe.
Ciaconius (I, column 1122), however, states that his Cardinal Giovanni (who is never identified with Giovanni Conti) was already a cardinal on June 17, 1183, when he signed a bull, issued at Ancona, by Pope Lucius III. Jaffé and Loewenfeld's Regesta pontificum Romanorum, no. 15056, however, register this bull correctly under 1184; Pope Lucius was nowhere near Ancona in June of 1183.
Ciaconius mentions other bulls signed in the same year on February 17, that is to say 1184, for Abbot Geronimo of the Monstery of the Holy Trinity in Florence [JL 14983; Migne Patrologiae Latinae 201, column 1234], but in the subscriptions it is clear that it was Giovanni Conti of S. Marco who was subscribing immediately after Bishop Paul of Palestrina and in advance of Cardinal Laborans. Another bull was subscribed by Giovanni, according to Ciaconius, on November 9, 1184 for Gabriel the Praepositus and the canons of the Church of Aquileia; but no such bull is registered in all of November.
Again, on October 18, 1185, Cardinal Giovanni signed a bull in favor of Gerardo the Bishop-elect of Belluno. This bull is in Jaffé and Loewenfeld's Regesta pontificum Romanorum, no. 15466, but its subscriptions show a curious confusion: the titles of Joannes presb. card. tit S. Mariae Transtyb. and Laborans presb card. tit. S. Marci have been accidentally transposed by a copyist [F. Ughelli, Italia Sacra 5, columns 154-155]. This is clearly Cardinal Giovanni Conti.
According to Ciaconius, his Giovanni died under Urban III or Clement III. He was Cardinal Priest, Ciaconius says, of S. Marco ad Palatinas (See Armellini, Le chiese di Roma, p. 327, where it is explained that the ancient name of San Marco is Pallacinae). But that would make him Cardinal Giovanni Conti (1155-1190), and Ciaconius' new entry as a separate cardinal is a horrible mistake, especially considering the dubious quality of the material used to sustain it. Miranda faces the same dilemma.
Cardella (I. 2, pp. 155-156, does nothing but summarize what Ciaconius said, with the additional remark, "Quello, che in tanta oscurità è certo, egli è, che il di lui nome non si scorge registrato tra i Cardinali elettori di veruno dei due sunnominati Pontefici [Urban III and Clement III]." Obviously, he does not associate Ciaconius' Giovanni with Cardinal Giovanni Conti. Real subscriptions show that Cardinal Giovanni Conti was the second most senior of the Cardinal Priests (after Cardinal Albertus, who usually signed as Chancellor in the date line), signing immediately after the Cardinal Bishops. That is not "oscurità". Cardella does not even perceive the problem.
What is to be done? This Giovanni of the Consistory of 1185 must be dismissed as a large error of Ciaconius, which is perpetuated by copyists: Cardella, the Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 1928, and Salvador Miranda.
Simeone Paltinieri, title not known. (Olduin points out, in Ciaconius-Olduin Volume I, column 1122, that the knowledge of this "cardinal" comes entirely from one Bernardinus Scardeonius, an author from Padua. But where Scardeonius got the story, Olduin does not know: "at unde Scardeonius id acceperit, notum nobis non est." When Andrea Victorelli revised Ciaconius, he identified this Simon Paltinieri with the real cardinal of the same name, who had been a Canon of Padua, and who was Cardinal Priest of SS. Silvestri e Martini (1261-1277). There is no evidence to support the existence of the Simeone Paltinieri under Lucius III. [See Cardella I. 2, p. 155] Simeone Paltinieri was not a Cardinal in 1185, or 1191, or 1198, though Salvador Miranda markes him "absent" each time..

The Election

The Election took place in Verona, where Pope Lucius III had died, in the Episcopal Palace [Pier Zagata, Cronica di Verona I (Verona 1745), p. 20]. . The Election took place on the same day as the death and funeral of the Pope, in apparent violation of the decree enacted in the seventh century (A.D. 607), under Pope Bonifatius III, in a synod at St. Peter's attended by 72 bishops, 33 Roman priests, deacons, and the entire clergy (Liber Pontificalis, MGH SS 5, p. 164 ed. Mommsen):

Hic fecit constitutum in ecclesia beati Petri, in quo sederunt episcopi LXXII, presbiteri Romani XXXIII, diaconi et clerus omnis, sub anathemate, ut nullus pontificem viventem aut episcopum civitatis suae praesumat loqui aut partes sibi facere nisi tertio die depositionis eius adunato clero et filiis ecclesiae, tunc electio fiat, et quis quem voluerit habebit licentiam eligendi sibi sacerdotem.

which forbids the Election from beginning until the third day after the death of the pope. The election of Cardinal Uberto Crivelli, however, was accomplished on the day of the funeral of Pope Lucius III (which was also, it seems, the day of his death). In his own electoral manifesto, Pope Urban III writes [Baronius-Theiner 19, sub anno 1186 no. 1, p. 539; Migne, PL 202, column 1352; JL 15475]:

Defuncto siquidem piae recordationis patre ac praedecessore nostro domino papa Lucio, et reverendissimo ejus corpore honorifice tumulato, habitus est a fratribus de successoris electione tractatus, in quo tanta fuit unitas omnium, tantaque ad invicem concordia singulorum, ut ille intelligatur operatus in eis, in cujus manu corda sunt omnium, et per quem adunatur diversitas animorum. Ceterum, cum plures essent in Ecclesia Dei viri venerabiles et prudentes, in quos eorum vota concurrere consultius, ut credimus, et dignius potuissent, ad insufficientiam nostram oculos intenderunt: et factum est, sicut Domino placuit, ut nos, quibus ad dignitatis tantae fastigium nec vires nec merita suffragantur, in patrem sibi elegerint et pastorem.

There was good reason, though, for the haste of the Cardinals in getting the business done. They feared violentia on the part of the Emperor Frederick [Burchard and Cuonrad, Chronicon: MGH SS 23, p. 359]:

Anno Domini 1185. Lucius papa obiit, ut dictum est, Veronae. Tunc, cardinales, qui cum ipso erant, de reditu suo plurimum sunt angustiati; timebant enim, ab imperatore aliquam inviolentiam sibi inferri super electione summi pontificis. Sane Mediolanensis archiepiscopus ipsos secure deduxit usque Ravennam, quem et ipsi in papam elegerunt, dictusque est Urbanus III, quem multi Turbanum vocaverunt, eo quod, cum esset Mediolanensis natione, in odium imperatoris volebat turbare ecclesiam, quae iam paulisper quietem acceperat, sed nutu Dei percussus interiit. Sedit enim annum unum, menses et dies.

Watterich [II, p. 663 n.4], however, labels these statements as fables, "Quae leguntur apud Burchardum... eae quidem sunt fabulae." In the absence of any other evidence about the Election, it is hard to see the grounds on which Watterich bases his dismissal. He gives no reasons why. The selection of Uberto Crivelli, who had been a cardinal for only three years, and Archbishop of Milan for less than eleven months, is an indication of the feeling of the Cardinals against the Emperor. Frederick, after all, was quite expert at creating anti-popes. He might not have been able to resist meddling in a genuine Election. Uberto was chosen, not for his pastoral or diplomatic skills, nor for his long experience in the administration of the Diocese of Milan as their Archdeacon, nor for his proven value as an active cardinal, but because he was a reliable opponent of the Imperialists. His brief tenure of the papacy shows him not just as resistant to imperial interests (as Lucius III had been), but as positively hostile. He was, after all, Milanese, and he could hardly put aside his feelings with regard to Frederick's treatment of his native city. And the memory of the triumph of the Lombard League against Frederick at Legnano (May 29, 1176) was still fresh.

Nonetheless, Urban III attempted to preserve the facade of friendly relations with the Emperor, though frankly conceding the tensions which existed.. At the end of January he sent two cardinals, Theobald and Soffredus, as his representatives at the wedding of Frederick's son Henry to William of Sicily's daughter, Costantia [Chronicon de rebus in Italia gestis, ed Huillard-Bréholles, p. 138]:

die lunae VI Kalendas Februarii [Monday, January 27, 1186] rex Henricus eam in eadem civitate desponsavit, presentibus cardinalibus, [Theobaldo] episcopo Hostiensi et domino Sufredo, ad hoc delegatis a domino Urbano papa, qui nuper successerat Lucio pape felicis memorie, et aput Mediolanum maximas nuptias celebravit.

On January 27, 1186 (according to Ralph de Diceto), the Emperor Frederick got the Archbishop of Vienna, Aynardus, to crown him as Emperor, and on the same day [Udalrich] the Patriarch of Aquileia to crown his son Henry as King, an action which Frederick had tried unsuccessfully to get Pope Lucius to approve. Pope Urban immediately suspended the offending clergy from their divine functions [Ralph de Diceto; Watterich II, p. 664]. Ralph is obviously badly informed. Frederick had already been crowned Emperor on June 18, 1155, by Pope Adrian IV, and Henry had already been crowned King of the Romans at Bamberg in June of 1169. Henry and Costanza were crowned Emperor and Empress in April of 1191 by Pope Celestine III. The Chronicle of Piacenza [B. Pallasticci (editor), Chronica tria Placentina, p. 12] provides a clearer statement:

Die Veneris V. Kalendas Novembris [Friday, October 28, 1185] proximo domina Constantia regina sponsa regis Anrici intravit Placentiam. Eodem anno circa kalendas decembris obiit papa Lucius, et levatus fuit papa Urbanus qui tunc erat archiepiscopus Mediolani. Die lune VI. kalendas februarii [Monday, January 27, 1186] in civitate Mediolani desponsata fuit ista domina per regem Enricum, et coronatus fuit ille Enricus et sponsa similiter; et illo anno castrum de ultra Pado fuit levatum.

On January 27, Henry and Costanza were married and they were both crowned, he for a second time.

It is said that this was the first papal election in which neither the clergy of the City of Rome nor the nobility and people of the City played any part whatever. The precedent and the tendency was terrible. What had once been a matter of importance for the entire Christian community was heading in the direction of becoming a secret affair of the highest clergy alone.

Coronation

On December 1, 1185, Urban III was crowned in the Church of St. Peter in Verona [Ralph de Diceto, in MGH SS 27, 274]. Onuphrio Panvinio has it that the Election took place on December 24, 1185, and that the installation took place on Christmas Day. He is easily disproved: Urban III already issued a bull on December 9 [JL 15477].

Urban III reigned less than two years, dying in Ferrara on Monday, October 20, 1187, the day after the Feast of St. Luke [JL p. 528, citing the sources]. He had spent all of his time in Verona, up to September 22, 1187.