AP Biology Behavior Questions and Standards

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1982 1983 1985

BEHAVIOR QUESTION: 1982 L PETERSON/ECHS Define and explain the role of each of the following in social behavior: a. Territoriality b. Dominance hierarchies c. Courtship behavior   STANDARDS: maximum = 6 points for each section note: must answer all 3 sections of question to go above 12 points   TERRITORIALITY - 6 points maximum DEFINITION: subdivision of resources on a spatial basis (1) area established & defended (marking, singing, etc.) (1) area to raise young & seek food (1) usually involves males of same species (1) (max 4)   ROLE: influences population density (1) ritualistic behavior (1) mating or nesting or feeding / elaboration (1) (max 3) EXAMPLE: (1 point) DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES - 6 points maximum DEFINITION: members of a group ranked according to status or relative superiority (1) status must be sought on own (1) status may be changed in course of time (1) behavior suggests size & strength (i.e. large/small, old/young, male/female) (1)(max 4)   ROLE: reduces aggression, established order & stability (1) influences resources among popultion (food, water, etc.) (1) first choice of mating (1) subordinate remains to obtain food, avoid predators, chance to mate (1) (max 4) EXAMPLE: (1 point) COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR - 6 points maximum DEFINITION: series of programmed displays & movements (1) may be visual (1) w/elaboration (1) may be auditory (1) w/elaboration (1) may be olfactory (1) w/elaboration (1) (max 3) ROLE: advertize sexually receptive individuals (1) inhibit aggression of prospective mate (1) bring both mating partners to reproductive readiness simultaneously (1) ritualistic behavior (1) maintain distinct species (1) (max 5) EXAMPLE: (1 point) BONUS: mention of survival of fittest (selective advantage) (1 point)    
BEHAVIOR QUESTION: 1983 L PETERSON/ECHS Describe and give an example of each of the following. Include in your discussion the selective advantage of each: a. Pheromones b. Mimicry c. Stereotyped Behavior (instinct)   STANDARDS: maximum of 6 points for each section   PHEROMONES - 6 points maximum DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION: general description/definition (1) of a releaser (1) of a primer (1) (max 3) DEMONSTRATES UNDERSTANDING BY CORRECT EXPLANATION OF AN EXAMPLE: explanation (1) example (1) releaser example/explanation (ants, urine) (1) primer example/explanation (locusts, mice, queen bee) (1) (max 4) SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE: courtship behavior (1) sexual receptivity (1) reduce competition / "tidiness" among ants - death pheromone (1) increase food gathering (1) (max 4) Total = 11 (max 6) MIMICRY - 6 points maximum DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION: general description/definition (1) of Batesian mimicry (1) of Mullerian mimicry (1) (max 3) DEMONSTRATES UNDERSTANDING BY CORRECT EXPLANATION OF AN EXAMPLE: explanation (1) example (1) Batesian example/explanation (1) Mullerian example/explanation (1) (max 4) SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE: survival/escapes predation (1) pollination (1) protection (1) selection pressure (1) (max 4) Total = 11 (max 6)   INSTINCT - 6 points maximum DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION: general description/definition (1) of releaser/sign stimuli (1) of IRM (1) (max 3) DEMONSTRATES UNDERSTANDING BY CORRECT EXPLANATION OF AN EXAMPLE: explanation (1) example (1) releaser explanation/example (chaffinches - instinct & learning) (1) IRM explanation/example (1) (max 4) SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE: [Survival ability; e.g., species specificity, avoiding predator, genetically passed-on] Stickleback - mating escape predators/survival save energy/need not learn (1) find food (1) find shelter (1) (max 4) Total = 11 (max 6)    
BEHAVIOR QUESTION: 1985 L PETERSON/ECHS Describe releasers, imprinting, and communication, as each of these terms relates to animal behavior. You may include in your answer a discussion of the classical studies of Nikolaas Tinbergen, Konrad Lorenz, and Karl vonFrisch.   STANDARDS: maximum of 7 for sections on releasers and imprinting; maximum of 8 for section on communication;   RELEASERS: 3 points for definition, if correct and complete 2 points for example of relationship to animal behavior 4 points (max) for Tinbergen (max 7) RELEASERS = sign stimuli > behavioral response {innate/stereotyped} (environmental) (fixed action pattern) RELATIONSHIP TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (OTHERS MAY BE GIVEN): 1) TINBERGEN (3-spined stickle-back) red belly > aggressive behavior a. red (color) b. underbelly c. male aggressive d. models 2) pheromones (chemical) > mate attraction 3) male Aedes - tuning fork > attract female 4) urine in dogs > avoidance of territory 5) female digger wasp behavior must run course once triggered 6) European red robin breast > aggressive behavior 7) black gulls > white egg shell pieces . egg shell removal 8) bowerbirds - red pebbles, berries > attract female to nest 9) Herring gull - red spot on beak > infant feeding response 10) ants > chemicals > trails   IMPRINTING: 3 points for definition 2 points for example of relationship to animal behavior 4 points (Max) for Lorenz (max 7) DEFINITION (in examples) RELATIONSHIP TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR: 1) LORENZ - Ducks & geese a. critical period b. long lasting c. influence mate selection d. inheritance influences critical period e. imprint on non-species 2) human (18 months to 3 years) > affect adult behavior 3) young male zebra finch courts female bengalese finch if raised by them   COMMUNICATION: 3 points for definition 2 points for example of relationship to animal behavior 4 points (Max) for VonFrisch (max 8) DEFINITION (in examples) RELATIONSHIP TO ANIMAL BEHAVIOR: 1) SOUND - moths, bats, arthropods a. calling (male and female) b. aggressive (male) c. alarm (male and female) 2) CHEMICAL (pheromones) - gypsy moth 3) VISUAL DISPLAY - arched backs, puffing up, mating 4) NON-AGGRESSIVE / NON-SEXUAL {VON FRISCH - Bees....} a. dance round - food nearby waggle - food at a distance; angle corresponds to distance b. straight portion > to food c. distance and direction d. sound, # turns > distance e. speed of dance > relative distance