John Paul Adams, CSUN
john.p.adams@csun.edu
:
Codex Udalrici no. 352 = Johann M. Watterich, (editor), Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae ab aequalibus conscriptae Tomus II (Lipsiae 1862), pp. 182-183 = Jaffé, Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus Quintus: Monumenta Bambergensia (Berlin: Weidmann 1869), no. 248, pp. 429-31 = Doeberl, Monumenta Germaniae Selecta 4 (1890), pp. 7-8:
L(othario) divina inspirante clementia Romanorum clarissimo regi, iustitiae rigore fulgenti, episcopi N. et N. et cardinales Romani cum ceteris fratribus salutem et perpetuam de hostibus suis victoriam.
Nullus Christianorum ignorat, optime rex, quod Romana ecclesia Dei institutione et sanctorum patrum imitatione et religiosorum virorum devotione domina sit non urbis sed orbis. Et ea consistente, cuncta prospere consistunt; eaque deficiente, cuncta invalescunt. Et sicut altius excellit, sic ventorum ac tempestatum tyrannidem facilius a se repellit, et quanto rerum mundanarum turbine conquassatur, tanto lucidius purificatur.
Beatae igitur memoriae papa H(onorio) migrante et viam universe terrae ingrediente, nos episcopi et cardinales G(regorium) cardinalem diaconum Sancti Angeli, virum honestum, moribus compositum, Deo Deumque timentibus carum, in summum pontificem elegimuys, ion ecclesiam Lateranensem constipatum catervis fidelium deduximus et, in sede summa positum, nos et infinita religiosorum turba honoravimus. Post hoc in palatium ascendimus et, que ex more geri solent, complevimus et omnia insignia pontificalia H(onorii papae Calixti papae Pascalis papae suorumque praedecessorum ei tribuimus.
His vero circa horam tertiam rite peractis, Petrus Leonis hora sexta, qua Judea Christum crucifixit et tenebrarum caligo mundo involvit, cum suis conspiratoribus atque consanguineis aliisque manifesto pretio conductis ecclesiam sancti Marci, turribus fratrum propinquam, festinanter adiit, cappam rubeam indecenter induit ficticiaque pontificatus insignia arripuit. Sequenti autem die ecclesiam beati Petri armis petiit, machinis circumdedit, tecta murosque fregit, homicidiis peractis et nimia humani sanguinis effusione, sic tandem improbus apostolorum principis intravit ianuas. Altera autem die armata manu ad Lateranensem ecclesiam perrexit, fumo igne sanguine eam violenter invasit, palacium conscendit, portas confregit, sedes pontificum contrivit, sacrarium beati Laurentii aperuit, quae optima sibi visa sunt diripuit, ad propria se recollegit. Post hoc Palladium, in quo dominus noster papa Innocentius cum catholica ecclesia residebat, aggreditur. Verum equitibus et equis plurimis amissis, in confusione suae ignominiae domum turpiter recessit.
Depredationes vero ecclesiarum et precipue beati Petri thesauri, quem pontifices Romani et sacratissimi imperatores Deo beatoque Petro dedicaverunt, in lampadibus aureis calicibus thuribus candelabris imaginibus crucibus gemmis aliisque vasis preciosis nec non et aplliis et vestibus sericis auro gemmisque contextis direptiones, nec non et praedicorum ecclesiasticorum pignorationes et peregrinorum expoliationes quantae sint, qui Romam vel Jerusalem properant euntes et redeuntes, ubique diffamant. Que vero alia turpia ipse suique complices gerant, regalibus auribus non sunt referenda.
Sed per Dei gratiam infra paterni muri caveas iam latitat. Abbates marchiones principes aliique barones in auxilium catholicae et apostolicae ecclesiae properant. Orientales et occidentales ecclesiae praedictum invasorem pari voto parique consensu unoque spiritu anathemate condempnant; dominum vero Innocentium papam, a catholicis catholice electum, catholice consecratum, sicut universalem patrem et beati Petri vicarium amplectuntur venerantur suisque nuntiis frequentant.
Quid igitur super his celsitudo vestra, o gloriosissime rex, agere debeat, regalis providentia Spiritu sancto succensa provideat, Accingere igitur, et archiepiscopis et episcopis, abbatibus religiosisque viris nec non et regni principibus solito more in auxilium principis apostolorum properanter occurre; quatinus ecclesia Dei laetetur, religio christiana sublimetur, scismaticorum perfidia comprimatur, corona capitis tui a rege caelesti benedicatur.
Quae vero hic desunt, venerabilis frater noster et Deo dilectus G(ualterus) Ravennatis ecclesiae archiepiscopus viva vobis voce clarificabit. Quem attentius serenitati vestrae commendamus; et ut eum pro reverentia beati Petri et totius catholicae eccleisae honorifice tractetis, rogamus.
Innocent II (Gregorius Papareschi) was actually elected at the Monstery-fortress of S. Gregorio Magno in Clivo Scauro, where his predecessor died. Paschal Ii had been elected at S. Clemente (Baronius-Theiner, sub anno 1099, no. 4, p. 106), the Anti-pope Theoderic at St. Peter's (in the middle of the night, just like Innocent II), the Anti-pope Albert at the Basilica XII Apostolorum, and the Anti-pope Sylvester (Maginolf) at the Pantheon (S.Maria Rotonda). Anacletus II (Petrus Petri Leonis) was elected at S. Marco, in the presence of the majority of the cardinals, the magistrates, nobles, clergy and citizens of Rome.
The same purchase of supporters inside Rome with money was nothing unusual. In similar circumstances in 1118, it was the Imperial Party, in setting up the antipope Gregory VIII, which purchased the assistance of residents of the city: Annales Romani, MGH SS V, p. 478. The fact was that Innocent II did not have the support of the magistrates and citizens of Rome, or of the majority of the Cardinals, or of the vast majority of the Clergy of the city. He relied on the violence of the Frangipani and the cunning of his Chancellor, Cardinal Aymeric. The Emperor did nothing to help him. Why should he? A weak pope, or two competing popes, was in his political interest.
Pope Calixtus II also paid money to Romans for military services: Annales Romani, MGH SS V, p. 479. See also F. Gregorovius, History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume IV. 2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell, 1896), pp. 321-328. The statements of the Cardinals in their letter to King Lothar is nothing but disingenuous rhetoric.
The robbing of the treasures of St. Peter's: Treasures of St. Peter's had already been partially despoiled at the time when Henry IV carried out his coup d' état in St. Peter's at the end of the Pope's mass, and captured Pope Paschal on February 12, 1111: Gregorovius, pp. 339-347. Petrus Pisanus, Paschalis p.p. II Vita [Wattenbach II, p. 8]: Domnum papam Paschalem dolo, fraude cum episcopis, cardinalibus caeterisque ordinibus et cum proceribus quam multis apprehendit; de aliis vero quam maximas strages fecit; clericos vero, archipresbyteros, presbyteros omnes expoliavit, planetas, timiamenteria eis auferendo et proprias vestes, ex quibus vestiti erant, minime dimmetebat; nec etiam subtellaria atque foemoralia eis habere permittebat.
Ioannes, Bishop of Tusculum, summoned the Roman people, on the evening of February 14, and addressed them (Petrus Diaconus Chronicon Casiniense Book IV. 39; Migne Patrologiae 173, columns 864-865; Baronius-Theiner, p. 209). Among other things he remarked, "Filii vestri contra jus omne, contra fas tenentur in vinculis: Petri Apostoli Basilica toto orbe terrarum venerabilis, armis, cadaveribus sanie et cruroe plena est."
John Paul Adams, CSUN
john.p.adams@csun.edu