1.
1a
2.
Glycolysis
vs gluconeogenesis- three irreversible reactions
3.
Use
the jumping bean diagrams:
EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT- measures
number or products versus reactants at equilibrium: Keq =number of beans in
chamber 2 / those in chamber 1This is = at equilibrium in case with two equal
chambers
Enthalpy
delta H- heat content- more where higher
potential energy so if level of chamber 1 higher than 2, get at equilibrium
more beans in chamber 2 because they can’t jump back, so H is the level of the
floor so higher where it is higher.
4.
Entropy if we change the floor area by expanding chamber 2, less probability of
beans getting back to 1 even if they are on the same level, so more chance of
finding bean in 2, so equilibrium constant greater than 1. The floor area
represents entropy or disorder or randomness or d S
5.
Work D G is a measure
of capacity to do work. The greater the free energy between the two chambers,
the more work can be done. DG is free energy available to do work. If
you keep DG negative, by adding beans to chamber 1 and removing from 2,
then we have a steady state . If DG is neg, it is a favorable reaction
6.
1B
7.
1b
8.
2a Tyrosine versus
threonine phosphorylation in cell cycle
9.
2a
10.
2b
17-19
11.
17-20
12.
ubiquitination
13.
17-26
14.
17-28
15.
17-29
16.
17-30
17.
17-33
18.
3a 16-54
19.
Different
actin functions
20.
Changes
by actin binding proteins
21.
3a
or 3b Actin binding proteins
22.
3b 16-90
23.
Myosin-actin interaction
9-5
24.
All from Ca++ release,
but different intermediate steps.
Calmodulin instead of troponin controls in smooth. Fig 9-6
25.
Regulation of
skeletal vs smooth contraction
26.
Contraction,
relaxation mechanisms
27.
Assembly-disassembly
28.
3b
control move on MT
29.
4a Figure
9-9. Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. A
tetrad of four L-type Ca2+ channels on the T tubules faces a single
Ca2+-release channel of the SR, so that each L-type Ca2+
channel interacts with the foot of one of the four subunits of the Ca2+-release
channel. Note that half of the Ca2+-release channels lack
associations with L-type Ca2+ channels. DHP, dihydropyridine; SR,
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
30.
6a
31.
Tyrosine versus threonine
phosphorylation in cell cycle
32.
Comparison
of:
a.near-equilibrium working
enzymes-needs high concnetration of enzyme;
b. allosteric enzymes;
enzyme works far from equilibrium: not controled by concentration of substrate
c. enzymes controled by phosphorylation; works far from equilibrium
33.
5b 57-9
34.
Transporters
and mtiochondria
35.
Fatty
acid metabolism
36.
5a or b 45-5 Transporters
in hepatocyte
37.
45-6, breakdown of heme
38.
6a Figure 57-3. Glucose
metabolism. After entering a liver or skeletal-muscle cell, glucose is
immediately phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate, which can have three fates:
glycolysis, breakdown via the pentose phosphate shunt, and glycogen synthesis.
ATP, adenosine triphosphate; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate; UDP, uridine diphosphate; UTP, uridine triphosphate.
39.
6b
40.
6b
41.
7aKinds
of microtubules in spindle
42.
Process
of mitosis
43.
Overlap
microtubules
44.
Pacman
or disassembly
45.
Tyrosine versus threonine
phosphorylation in cell cycle