1. Fig 22-57 MBoC Growth cocktail for cultured stem cells to make embryoid bodies

2. Other cell cocktails

3. Growth factor table

4. Figure 21.25 Repair of Rag2 Deficiency by Therapeutic Cloning

5. Possible therapies with human stem cells after nuclear transplantation

6. Fig 22-36 Hematopoietic stem cells

7. Fibroblasts can become bone,cartilage,fat,muscle

8. Fig 22-41 Cultures of muscle. Single cells, then myotubes, then striated muscle. Looks something like our tissue cultures of muscle

9. 22-47 We had some cells in culture that looked like this with large vacuoles

10. Fig 22-58 Neural stem cells in adult brain normally replace aged or damaged cells

11. Doubt cast on adult stem cell plasticity

12. It is really cell fusion and hybridization when adult neural stem cells are mixed with embryonic stem cells

13. Having the beta-gal in muscle cell does not prove that adult neural cells became muscle

14. Bone marrow-ESC hybrid cells became a tumour in the spleen which contained chondrocytes, striated muscle, glands

15. Embryoid bodies also became heart muscle, nerve, endoderm

16. Hematopoietic stem cells can also become liver, lung, heart,

17. Figure 19.2 The Pole Plasm of Drosophila

18. Pole plasm is a collection of mtochondria, fibrils and polar granules

19. Polar granules contain RNA for germ cell-less which is made by follicle cells and transported into egg

20. The message is translated in early cleavage and enters nucleus and essential for germ cell formation

21. Oskar mRNA also present, if moved causes germ cell formation there

22. Nanos also imprtant for correct migration of germ cells into gonads, and helps prevent gene transcription during germcell formation

23. Mitochondrial rRNA can restore ability to make pole cells, occurs outside mitochondria in pole plasm

24. Also polar granule component RNA necessary since antisense RNA can cause failure of germ cells to migrate to gonads

25. Figure 19.3 Localization of Germ Cell-Less Gene Products in the Posterior
of the Egg and Embryo

26. Figure 19.4 Germ Plasm at the Vegetal Pole of Frog Embryos

27. Figure 19.5 Inhibition of Transcription in Germ Cell Precursors of C. elegans

28. Figure 19.6(1) Migration of Xenopus Germ Plasm

29. Figure 19.6(2) Migration of Xenopus Germ Plasm

30. Germ plasm contains many of same componaents as fly. The germ plasm is tethered to yolkmass of veg cortex which move in the cortical rotation, then move in clusters due to kinesin and MT. UV prevents this. May inhibit transcription and taranslation preventing differentitation. Then moves up the cleavage furrow to the inside area and will become lodged in cells lining blastocoel. Later in larva in post gut and migrate along mesentery to gonad

31. Retinoic acid, thyroxin, steroids are recognized by steroid hormone receptor family which bind to DNA after the hormone

32. Boron fig 4-13

33. Hormone response elements have different palindromes

34. Structure of response element

35. Zinc finger transcription factors

36. Figure 15-63 A STAT Pathway

37. part2

38. Both paternal and maternal genomes are required for normal development due to imprinting

39. Imprinting occurs during germ cell formation-genes on in sperm for yolk sac and placenta, off in females; some genes required for development on in eggs, not sperm. Erased and reimprinted in next generation germ cell production

40. DNA methylation may be involved in imprinting. IGF-2 and IGF-2r

41. ICM cells into normal embryo from gynogenetic inhibit mosaic growth, androgenetic increase 2x

42. Cell control mechanisms Fig 23-31

43. Effect of hormonal changes of menstrual cycle on breast tissue

44. It takes several steps for cancer formation

45. Figure 19.11(1) Protocol for Breeding Mice whose Genes are Derived
Largely from Tumor Cells

46. Figure 19.11(2) Protocol for Breeding Mice whose Genes are Derived
Largely from Tumor Cells

47. Cells can lose adhesion controls or migration controls

48. Retinoblastoma RB gene is an anti-tumor gene

49. Protooncogenes can be altered in various ways to get out of control-become oncogenes Fig 23-37

50. Entry into DNA synthesis can be affected Fig 23-32

51. cyclinD-Cdk4 complex phosphorylates RB which becomes inactive

52. Chromosome damage is not controled and broken ones remain Fig 23-33

53. Telomere lack does not inhibit division

54. Loss of p53 stops checkpoint control at broken chromosomes

55. All factors together in cancer production

56. Figure 21.8 Phenotypes of Mice with Mutations Along the Pigment Synthesis Pathway can lead to melanoma as well

57. Knockout Fig 8-70

58. Knockout Fig 8-70

59. 8-64

60. Fig 8-65

61. 8-66